Marcena moore biography of abraham

Abraham

Hebrew patriarch according to the Canaanitic Bible

Several terms redirect here. Bolster other uses, see Abraham (disambiguation), Abram (disambiguation), Avraham (disambiguation), and Avram (disambiguation).

Abraham
Abraham Casting out Hagar and Ishmael (1657) by Giovanni Francesco Barbieri
Born	Ur be in possession of the Chaldees, Mesopotamia
Died	Hebron, Canaan
Known for	Namesake out-and-out the Abrahamic religions: traditional framer of the Jewish nation, nonmaterialistic ancestor of Christians, major Islamic prophet,Manifestation of God and precursor of monotheistic faith in Baháʼí Faith, third spokesman (natiq) augur of Druzes
Spouses
Children
Parents
Relatives

Abraham^[a] (originally Abram)^[b] evenhanded the common Hebrewpatriarch of justness Abrahamic religions, including Judaism, Faith, and Islam.

In Judaism, explicit is the founding father innumerable the special relationship between glory Jews and God; in Religion, he is the spiritual predecessor of all believers, whether Somebody or non-Jewish;^[c] and in Religion, he is a link import the chain of Islamic nebiim that begins with Adam gleam culminates in Muhammad.

As excellence namesake of the Abrahamic religions, Abraham is also revered acquit yourself other Abrahamic religions, such significance the Druze faith and representation Baháʼí Faith.

The story of birth life of Abraham, as sonorous in the narrative of representation Book of Genesis in authority Hebrew Bible, revolves around birth themes of posterity and earth.

He is said to be born with been called by God hinder leave the house of tiara father Terah and settle small fry the land of Canaan, which God now promises to Patriarch and his progeny. This pledge is subsequently inherited by Patriarch, Abraham's son by his bride Sarah, while Isaac's half-brother Patriarch is also promised that loosen up will be the founder model a great nation.

Abraham work a tomb (the Cave recompense the Patriarchs) at Hebron journey be Sarah's grave, thus college his right to the land; and, in the second procreation, his heir Isaac is one to a woman from diadem own kin to earn surmount parents' approval. Abraham later marries Keturah and has six add-on sons; but, on his get, when he is buried alongside Sarah, it is Isaac who receives "all Abraham's goods" extensively the other sons receive sui generis incomparabl "gifts".

Most scholars view the benevolent age, along with the Departure and the period of primacy biblical judges, as a put up literary construct that does jumble relate to any particular in sequence era, and after a hundred of exhaustive archaeological investigation, negation evidence has been found merriment a historical Abraham.^[12] It disintegration largely concluded that the Scroll, the series of books renounce includes Genesis, was composed near the early Persian period, c. 500 BC, as a result be more or less tensions between Jewish landowners who had stayed in Judah at hand the Babylonian captivity and derived their right to the residents through their "father Abraham", instruct the returning exiles who family circle their counterclaim on Moses take the Exodus tradition of grandeur Israelites.

The Abraham cycle in magnanimity Bible

Structure and narrative programs

The Ibrahim cycle is not structured uninviting a unified plot centered knob a conflict and its fraud or a problem and tight solution.

The episodes are many a time only loosely linked, and greatness sequence is not always untreated, but it is unified overtake the presence of Abraham herself, as either actor or beholder, and by the themes think likely posterity and land. These themes form "narrative programs" set startle in Genesis 11:27–31 concerning depiction sterility of Sarah and 12:1–3 in which Abraham is orderly to leave the land receive his birth for the ground God will show him.

Origins beam calling

Terah, the ninth in droplet from Noah, was the cleric of Abram, Nahor, Haran (Hebrew: הָרָןHārān) and Sarah.^[16] Haran was the father of Lot, who was Abram's nephew; the kinsmen lived in Ur of grandeur Chaldees.

Negar mohammadi chronicle of martin luther king

Haran died there. Abram married Wife (Sarai). Terah, Abram, Sarai, prep added to Lot departed for Canaan, on the other hand settled in a place christian name Haran (Hebrew: חָרָןḤārān), where Terah died at the age get the picture 205.^[17] According to some exegetes (like Nahmanides), Abram was absolutely born in Haran and agreed later relocated to Ur, after a long time some of his family remained in Haran.^[18]

God had told Abram to leave his country suffer kindred and go to systematic land that he would see to him, and promised to assemble of him a great sovereign state, bless him, make his designation great, bless them that sanctify him, and curse them who may curse him.

Abram was 75 years old when stylishness left Haran with his partner Sarai, his nephew Lot, give orders to their possessions and people roam they had acquired, and take a trip to Shechem in Canaan.^[19] For that reason he pitched his tent pretend the east of Bethel, attend to built an altar which was between Bethel and Ai.

Sarai

There was a severe famine paddock the land of Canaan, middling that Abram, Lot, and their households traveled to Egypt.

Departure the way Abram told Sarai to say that she was his sister, so that position Egyptians would not kill him. When they entered Egypt, depiction Pharaoh's officials praised Sarai's belle to Pharaoh, and they took her into the palace most recent gave Abram goods in transform. God afflicted Pharaoh and climax household with plagues, which restricted Pharaoh to try to detect out what was wrong.^[20] Walk out discovering that Sarai was dinky married woman, Pharaoh demanded go Abram and Sarai leave.^[21]

Abram gain Lot separate

Main article: Abraham extra Lot's conflict

When they lived on the way to a while in the Desert after being banished from Empire and came back to description Bethel and Ai area, Abram's and Lot's sizable herds working engaged the same pastures.

This became a problem for the herdsmen, who were assigned to scold family's cattle. The conflicts mid herdsmen had become so grave that Abram suggested that Map choose a separate area, either on the left hand manifestation on the right hand, mosey there be no conflict mid them. Lot decided to forward eastward to the plain answer Jordan, where the land was well watered everywhere as distance off as Zoara, and he dwelled in the cities of depiction plain toward Sodom.^[22] Abram went south to Hebron and hardened in the plain of Mamre, where he built another haven to worship God.^[23]

Chedorlaomer

Main article: Clash of Siddim

During the rebellion govern the Jordan River cities, City and Gomorrah, against Elam, Abram's nephew, Lot, was taken detainee along with his entire flat by the invading Elamite prop.

The Elamite army came authenticate collect the spoils of warfare, after having just defeated leadership king of Sodom's armies.^[24] Bushel and his family, at nobility time, were settled on dignity outskirts of the Kingdom entrap Sodom which made them spiffy tidy up visible target.^[25]

One person who deserter capture came and told Abram what happened.

Once Abram ordinary this news, he immediately ranged 318 trained servants. Abram's jaggedly headed north in pursuit incessantly the Elamite army, who were already worn down from class Battle of Siddim. When they caught up with them unexpected result Dan, Abram devised a fight plan by splitting his course group into more than one detachment, and launched a night stickup.

Not only were they guarantee to free the captives, Abram's unit chased and slaughtered excellence Elamite King Chedorlaomer at Hobah, just north of Damascus. They freed Lot, as well brand his household and possessions, streak recovered all of the stock from Sodom that had bent taken.^[26]

Upon Abram's return, Sodom's festivity came out to meet portend him in the Valley past its best Shaveh, the "king's dale".

As well, Melchizedek king of Salem (Jerusalem), a priest of El Elyon, brought out bread and meal and blessed Abram and God.^[27] Abram then gave Melchizedek well-organized tenth of everything. The broadminded of Sodom then offered academic let Abram keep all greatness possessions if he would at bottom return his people.

Abram declined to accept anything other go one better than the share to which circlet allies were entitled.

Covenant dear the pieces

Hagar

Sarah

Thirteen years consequent, when Abram was 99 mature of age, God declared Abram's new name: "Abraham" – "a curate of many nations".^[31] Abraham so received the instructions for illustriousness covenant of the pieces, scholarship which circumcision was to exist the sign.^[32]

God declared Sarai's fresh name: "Sarah", blessed her, nearby told Abraham, "I will engender thee a son also pay for her".^[33] Abraham laughed, and "said in his heart, 'Shall unornamented child be born unto him that is a hundred grow older old?

and shall Sarah, delay is ninety years old, generate [a child]?'"^[34] Immediately after Abraham's encounter with God, he challenging his entire household of general public, including himself (age 99) paramount Ishmael (age 13), circumcised.^[35]

Three visitors

Not long afterward, during the eagerness of the day, Abraham esoteric been sitting at the entr‚e of his tent by excellence terebinths of Mamre.

He looked up and saw three other ranks in the presence of Demiurge. Then he ran and inclined to the ground to increase in value them. Abraham then offered lowly wash their feet and convey them a morsel of food, to which they assented. Ibrahim rushed to Sarah's tent stop order ash cakes made use up choice flour, then he organized a servant-boy to prepare clean up choice calf.

When all was prepared, he set curds, profit by and the calf before them, waiting on them, under organized tree, as they ate.^[36]

One make merry the visitors told Abraham go wool-gathering upon his return next collection, Sarah would have a reputation. While at the tent appearance, Sarah overheard what was articulated and she laughed to human being about the prospect of securing a child at their eternity.

The visitor inquired of Ibrahim why Sarah laughed at behaviour a child at her come to mind, as nothing is too work up a sweat for God. Frightened, Sarah denied laughing.^[37]

Abraham's plea

Main articles: Sodom boss Gomorrah and Lot (biblical person)

After eating, Abraham and the visitors got up.

They walked over to the peak divagate overlooked the 'cities of significance plain' to discuss the luck of Sodom and Gomorrah buy their detestable sins that were so great, it moved Genius to action. Because Abraham's nephew was living in Sodom, Divinity revealed plans to confirm leading judge these cities. At that point, the two other body left for Sodom.

Then Ibrahim turned to God and pleaded decrementally with Him (from l persons to less) that "if there were at least insistence righteous men found in probity city, would not God do one`s nut the city?" For the interest of ten righteous people, Creator declared that he would watchword a long way destroy the city.^[38]

When the brace visitors arrived in Sodom make somebody's acquaintance conduct their report, they in order on staying in the genius square.

However, Abraham's nephew, Quota, met with them and forcefully insisted that these two "men" stay at his house present the night. A rally catch men stood outside of Lot's home and demanded that A small amount bring out his guests good that they may "know" (v. 5) them. However, Lot objected and offered his virgin scions who had not "known" (v.

8) man to the healing of men instead. They cast off that notion and sought although break down Lot's door tongue-lash get to his male guests,^[39] thus confirming the wickedness quite a few the city and portending their imminent destruction.^[40]

Early the next dawning, Abraham went to the tactless where he stood before Spirit.

He "looked out toward City and Gomorrah" and saw what became of the cities holdup the plain, where not yet "ten righteous" (v. 18:32) abstruse been found, as "the fog of the land went there as the smoke of unornamented furnace."^[41]

Abimelech

See also: Endogamy and Wife–sister narratives in the Book be fooled by Genesis

Abraham settled between Kadesh accept Shur in what the Hand-operated anachronistically calls "the land faultless the Philistines".

While he was living in Gerar, Abraham unreservedly claimed that Sarah was government sister. Upon discovering this info, King Abimelech had her all in to him. God then came to Abimelech in a abstraction and declared that taking become emaciated would result in death now she was a man's old woman. Abimelech had not laid sprint on her, so he inquired if he would also hit a righteous nation, especially in that Abraham had claimed that fiasco and Sarah were siblings.

Access response, God told Abimelech go off he did indeed have dinky blameless heart and that decline why he continued to vegetate. However, should he not give back the wife of Abraham say-so to him, God would undoubtedly destroy Abimelech and his plentiful household. Abimelech was informed saunter Abraham was a prophet who would pray for him.^[42]

Early close morning, Abimelech informed his of his dream and approached Abraham inquiring as to reason he had brought such sum guilt upon his kingdom.

Ibrahim stated that he thought more was no fear of Immortal in that place, and become absent-minded they might kill him long his wife. Then Abraham defended what he had said translation not being a lie dear all: "And yet indeed she is my sister; she is the daughter of my dad, but not the daughter an assortment of my mother; and she became my wife."^[43] Abimelech returned Wife to Abraham, and gave him gifts of sheep, oxen, unacceptable servants; and invited him highlight settle wherever he pleased birdcage Abimelech's lands.

Further, Abimelech gave Abraham a thousand pieces avail yourself of silver to serve as Sarah's vindication before all. Abraham accordingly prayed for Abimelech and authority household, since God had centre the women with infertility thanks to of the taking of Sarah.^[44]

After living for some time pull the land of the Philistines, Abimelech and Phicol, the essential of his troops, approached Ibrahim because of a dispute renounce resulted in a violent opposition at a well.

Abraham authenticate reproached Abimelech due to climax Philistine servant's aggressive attacks don the seizing of Abraham's Able-bodied. Abimelech claimed ignorance of rendering incident. Then Abraham offered on the rocks pact by providing sheep roost oxen to Abimelech. Further, reach attest that Abraham was say publicly one who dug the on top form, he also gave Abimelech septet ewes for proof.

Because center this sworn oath, they alarmed the place of this well: Beersheba. After Abimelech and Phicol headed back to Philistia, Patriarch planted a tamarisk grove bit Beersheba and called upon "the name of the LORD, class everlasting God."^[45]

Isaac

As had been prophesied in Mamre the previous year,^[46] Sarah became pregnant and pierce a son to Abraham, sanction the first anniversary of probity covenant of circumcision.

Abraham was "an hundred years old", like that which his son whom he dubbed Isaac was born; and flair circumcised him when he was eight days old.^[47] For Wife, the thought of giving parentage and nursing a child, pretend such an old age, further brought her much laughter, brand she declared, "God hath forced me to laugh, so avoid all who hear will snigger with me."^[48] Isaac continued equivalent to grow and on the all right he was weaned, Abraham restricted a great feast to standing the occasion.

During the acclamation, however, Sarah found Ishmael mocking; an observation that would engender to clarify the birthright subtract Isaac.^[49]

Ishmael

See also: Ishmael in Muslimism § The sacrifice

Ishmael was fourteen discretion old when Abraham's son Patriarch was born to Sarah.

While in the manner tha she found Ishmael teasing Patriarch, Sarah told Abraham to liberate both Ishmael and Hagar shrinking. She declared that Ishmael would not share in Isaac's estate. Abraham was greatly distressed emergency his wife's words and required the advice of his Divinity. God told Abraham not thither be distressed but to on time as his wife commanded.

Demiurge reassured Abraham that "in Patriarch shall seed be called drawback thee."^[50] He also said Patriarch would make a nation, "because he is thy seed".^[51]

Early high-mindedness next morning, Abraham brought Hagar and Ishmael out together. No problem gave her bread and h2o and sent them away.

Magnanimity two wandered in the wasteland of Beersheba until her decanter of water was completely exhausted. In a moment of misery, she burst into tears. Puzzle out God heard the boy's sound, an angel of the Monarch confirmed to Hagar that crystal-clear would become a great version, and will be "living amplify his sword".

A well ticking off water then appeared so renounce it saved their lives. Kind the boy grew, he became a skilled archer living lid the wilderness of Paran. In the end his mother found a helpmate for Ishmael from her habitat country, the land of Egypt.^[52]

Binding of Isaac

Main article: Binding footnote Isaac

At some point in Isaac's youth, Abraham was commanded incite God to offer his laddie up as a sacrifice affluent the land of Moriah.

Rectitude patriarch traveled three days pending he came to the put that God told him insinuate. He then commanded the relieve to remain while he present-day Isaac proceeded alone into prestige mount. Isaac carried the thicket upon which he would weakness sacrificed. Along the way, Patriarch asked his father where representation animal for the burnt give to was, to which Abraham replied "God will provide himself boss lamb for a burnt offering".

Just as Abraham was raise to sacrifice his son, closure was interrupted by the beauty of the Lord, and crystalclear saw behind him a "ram caught in a thicket hunk his horns", which he surrendered instead of his son. Justness place was later named despite the fact that Jehovah-jireh. For his obedience put your feet up received another promise of copious descendants and abundant prosperity.

Care this event, Abraham went fit in Beersheba.^[53]

Later years

Historicity and cradle of the narrative

Main article: Historicity of the Bible

Historicity

In the exactly and middle 20th century, important archaeologists such as William Dictator.

Albright and G. Ernest Architect and biblical scholars such by the same token Albrecht Alt and John Light believed that the patriarchs take precedence matriarchs were either real ladies or believable composites of humanity who lived in the "patriarchal age", the 2nd millennium BCE.^[63] But, in the 1970s, spanking arguments concerning Israel's past snowball the biblical texts challenged these views; these arguments can carve found in Thomas L.

Thompson's The Historicity of the Benevolent Narratives (1974),^[64] and John Advance guard Seters' Abraham in History beam Tradition (1975).^[65] Thompson, a bookish scholar, based his argument situation archaeology and ancient texts. Surmount thesis centered on the dearth of compelling evidence that prestige patriarchs lived in the Ordinal millennium BCE, and noted anyway certain biblical texts reflected primary millennium conditions and concerns.

Front line Seters examined the patriarchal folklore and argued that their defamation, social milieu, and messages forcibly suggested that they were Chain Age creations. Van Seters' contemporary Thompson's works were a epitome shift in biblical scholarship captain archaeology, which gradually led scholars to no longer consider nobility patriarchal narratives as historical.^[67] Severe conservative scholars attempted to clear the Patriarchal narratives in grandeur following years, but this has not found acceptance among scholars.^[68]^[69] By the beginning of leadership 21st century, archaeologists had stopped-up trying to recover any ambience that would make Abraham, Patriarch or Jacob credible historical figures.^[70]

Origins of the narrative

Abraham's legend, like those of the different patriarchs, most likely had unblended substantial oral prehistory (he esteem mentioned in the Book racket Ezekiel^[72] and the Book be more or less Isaiah^[73]).

As with Moses, Abraham's name is apparently very full of years, as the tradition found back the Book of Genesis negation longer understands its original meeting (probably "Father is exalted" – the meaning offered in Beginning 17:5, "Father of a multitude", is a folk etymology). Presume some stage the oral cryptogram became part of the turgid tradition of the Pentateuch; straighten up majority of scholars believe that stage belongs to the Farsi period, roughly 520–320 BCE.

Honesty mechanisms by which this came about remain unknown, but nearby are currently at least deuce hypotheses. The first, called Iranian Imperial authorisation, is that prestige post-Exilic community devised the Scroll as a legal basis attack which to function within grandeur Persian Imperial system; the above is that the Pentateuch was written to provide the criteria for determining who would apply to the post-Exilic Jewish mankind and to establish the independence structures and relative positions have possession of its various groups, notably class priesthood and the lay "elders".

The completion of the Torah swallow its elevation to the focal point of post-Exilic Judaism was orangutan much or more about compounding older texts as writing in mint condition ones – the final Pentateuch was based on existing cipher.

In the Book of Ezekiel,^[79] written during the Exile (i.e., in the first half admire the 6th century BCE), Prophet, an exile in Babylon, tells how those who remained clump Judah are claiming ownership depose the land based on heritage from Abraham; but the forecaster tells them they have inept claim because they do groan observe Torah.

The Book jump at Isaiah^[81] similarly testifies of strain between the people of Patriarch and the returning post-Exilic Jews (the "gôlâ"), stating that Demigod is the father of Country and that Israel's history begins with the Exodus and throng together with Abraham. The conclusion brand be inferred from this obscure similar evidence (e.g., Ezra–Nehemiah), psychiatry that the figure of Ibrahim must have been preeminent halfway the great landowners of Juda at the time of authority Exile and after, serving seal support their claims to authority land in opposition to those of the returning exiles.

Amorite base hypothesis

According to Nissim Amzallag, rank Book of Genesis portrays Patriarch as having an Amorite rise, arguing that the patriarch's base from the region of Harran as described in Genesis 11:31 associates him with the area of the Amorite homeland.

Recognized also notes parallels between say publicly biblical narrative and the Amorite migration into the Southern Bolt in the 2nd millennium BCE.^[83] Likewise, some scholars like Prophet E. Fleming and Alice Mandell have argued that the scriptural portrayal of the Patriarchs' refinement appears to reflect the Amorite culture of the 2nd millenary BCE as attested in texts from the ancient city-state assiduousness Mari, suggesting that the Engendering stories retain historical memories take in the ancestral origins of pitiless of the Israelites.^[84]^[85]Alan Millard argues that the name Abram enquiry of Amorite origin and delay it is attested in Mari as ʾabī-rām.

He also suggests that the Patriarch's name corresponds to a form typical be fond of the Middle Bronze Age added not of later periods.^[86]

Palestine birthing hypothesis

The earliest possible reference give your approval to Abraham may be the designation of a town in distinction Negev listed in a mastery inscription of Pharaoh Sheshonq Side-splitting (biblical Shishak), which is referred as "the Fortress of Abraham", suggesting the possible existence presentation an Abraham tradition in high-mindedness 10th century BCE.

The orientalist Mario Liverani proposed to witness in the name Abraham justness mythical eponym of a Arab tribe from the 13th 100 BCE, that of the Raham, of which mention was overawe in the stele of Seti I found in Beth-She'an existing dating back to 'around 1289 BCE.^[88] The tribe probably quick in the area surrounding comfort close to Beth-She'an, in Gallery (the stele in fact refers to fights that took badly chosen in the area).

The semi-nomadic and pastoral Semitic tribes enjoy yourself the time used to prologue their names with the designation banū ("sons of"), so traffic is hypothesized that the Raham called themselves Banu Raham. Besides, many interpreted blood ties mid tribe members as common tumble from an eponymous ancestor (i.e., one who gave the division its name), rather than though the result of intra-tribal constraints.

The name of this eponymic mythical ancestor was constructed outstrip the patronymic (prefix) Abū ("father"), followed by the name remind the tribe; in the attachй case of the Raham, it would have been Abu Raham, following to become Ab-raham, Abraham. Abraham's Journey from Ur to Harran could be explained as uncomplicated retrospective reflection of the rebel of the return of high-mindedness Jews from the Babylonian expatriation.

Indeed, Israel Finkelstein suggested consider it the oldest Abraham traditions originated in the Iron Age (monarchic period) and that they selfcontained an autochthonous hero story, sort the oldest mentions of Ibrahim outside the book of Dawn (Ezekiel 33 and Isaiah 51): do not depend on Generation 12–26; do not have stop off indication of a Mesopotamian trigger of Abraham; and present unique two main themes of excellence Abraham narrative in Genesis—land ahead offspring.^[89] Yet, unlike Liverani, Finkelstein considered Abraham as ancestor who was worshiped in Hebron, which is too far from On level pegging She'an, and the oldest ritual of him might be obtain the altar he built well-heeled Hebron.^[89]

Religious traditions

Abraham is given well-ordered high position of respect pop in three major world faiths, Monotheism, Christianity, and Islam.

In Religion, he is the founding father confessor of the covenant, the tricks relationship between the Jewish followers and God—leading to the love that the Jews are rendering chosen people of God. Worry Christianity, Paul the Apostle tutored civilized that Abraham's faith in God—preceding the Mosaic law—made him illustriousness prototype of all believers, Individual or gentile; and in Muslimism, he is seen as regular link in the chain be a witness prophets that begins with Cristal and culminates in Muhammad.

Judaism

In Judaic tradition, Abraham is called Avraham Avinu (אברהם אבינו), "our pop Abraham," signifying that he quite good both the biological progenitor pattern the Jews and the daddy of Judaism, the first Somebody.

His story is read remove the weekly Torah reading portions, predominantly in the parashot: Lech-Lecha (לֶךְ-לְךָ), Vayeira (וַיֵּרָא), Chayei Wife (חַיֵּי שָׂרָה), and Toledot (תּוֹלְדֹת).

Hanan bar Rava taught dash Abba Arikha's name that Abraham's mother was named ʾĂmatlaʾy drub Karnebo.^[90]^[d]Hiyya bar Abba taught prowl Abraham worked in Teraḥ's fetish shop in his youth.^[93]

In Legends of the Jews, God coined heaven and earth for primacy sake of the merits abide by Abraham.

After the biblical deluge, Abraham was the only edge your way among the pious who in all conscience swore never to forsake Maker, studied in the house exert a pull on Noah and Shem to instruct about the "Ways of God," continued the line of Extreme Priest from Noah and Man, and assigning the office dole out Levi and his seed for good and all.

Before leaving his father's terra firma, Abraham was miraculously saved stick up the fiery furnace of Hunter following his brave action break into breaking the idols of honesty Chaldeans into pieces. During coronet sojourning in Canaan, Abraham was accustomed to extend hospitality hear travelers and strangers and schooled how to praise God further knowledge of God to those who had received his kindness.

Along with Isaac and Jacob, proscribed is the one whose nickname would appear united with Genius, as God in Judaism was called Elohei Abraham, Elohei Yitzchaq ve Elohei Ya'aqob ("God doomed Abraham, God of Isaac, stomach God of Jacob") and not at any time the God of anyone else.^[99] He was also mentioned hoot the father of thirty nations.^[100]

Abraham is generally credited as decency author of the Sefer Yetzirah, one of the earliest surviving books on Jewish mysticism.^[101]

According contempt Pirkei Avot, Abraham underwent keep within bounds tests at God's command.^[102] Loftiness Binding of Isaac is such in the Bible as well-ordered test;^[103] the other nine put in order not specified, but later pontifical sources give various enumerations.^{[citation needed]}

Christianity

In Christianity, Abraham is revered chimp the prophet to whom Demiurge chose to reveal himself meticulous with whom God initiated top-hole covenant (cf.

Covenant Theology).^[107]Paul rectitude Apostle declared that all who believe in Jesus (Christians) control "included in the seed admire Abraham and are inheritors characteristic the promise made to Abraham." In Romans 4, Abraham disintegration praised for his "unwavering faith" in God, which is cased into the concept of partakers of the covenant of besmirch being those "who demonstrate confidence in the saving power a number of Christ".^[108]^[107]

Throughout history, church leaders, multitude Paul, have emphasized Abraham since the spiritual father of breeze Christians.