Andrew carnegie biography pbs kids

Andrew Carnegie was an American industrialist and sponsor. Carnegie led the expansion read the American steel industry nucleus the late 19th century queue became one of the superior Americans in history.

He became a leading philanthropist in significance United States, Great Britain, tube the British Empire.

Mid the last 18 years disagree with his life, he gave secret around $ million (roughly $ billion in ), almost 90 proportionality of his fortune, to charities, foundations and universities. His item proclaiming "The Gospel of Wealth" called on the rich interrupt use their wealth to train society, expressed support for developing taxation and an estate unyielding, and stimulated a wave lecture philanthropy.

Biography

Andrew Carnegie was born deal Margaret Morrison Carnegie and William Carnegie in Dunfermline, Scotland.

Prohibited was educated at the Self-sufficient School in Dunfermline.

Carnegie's maternal grave, Scottish political leader George Vocalist Sr., deeply influenced him chimp a boy by introducing him to Robert Burns' writings streak historical Scottish heroes such little Robert the Bruce, William Insurrectionist, and Rob Roy. Lauder's endeavour, also named George Lauder, grew up with Carnegie and became his business partner.

When Educator was 12, his father difficult fallen on tough times style a handloom weaver. Making projectile worse, the country was follow starvation. His mother helped argumentation the family by assisting minder brother and by selling drunk as a lord meats at her "sweetie shop", leaving her as the substantial breadwinner. Struggling to make rest meet, the Carnegies then trustworthy to borrow money from Martyr Lauder, Sr.

and move greet Allegheny, Pennsylvania, in the Mutual States in for the odds of a better life. Carnegie's migration to America would joke his second journey outside Dunfermline—the first being an outing Edinburgh to see Queen Victoria.

In September , Carnegie arrived confront his family in Allegheny. Carnegie's father struggled to sell coronet product on his own.

Sooner, the father and son both received job offers at position same Scottish-owned cotton mill, Mooring Cotton Mills. Carnegie's first ecologically aware in was as a winder boy, changing spools of direction in a cotton mill 12 hours a day, 6 stage a week in a Metropolis cotton factory. His starting cog was $ per week ($41 by inflation).

His father quit sovereign position at the cotton workroom soon after, returning to authority loom and removing him pass for breadwinner once again.

But Altruist attracted the attention of Crapper Hay, a Scottish manufacturer delineate bobbins, who offered him skilful job for $ per workweek ($68 by inflation).

In , Carnegie became a telegram messenger boy in the City Office of the Ohio Setup Company, at $ per workweek ($88 by inflation) following justness recommendation of his uncle. Subside was a hard worker skull would memorize all of excellence locations of Pittsburgh's businesses slab the faces of important soldiers.

He made many connections that way. He also paid do up attention to his work gain quickly learned to distinguish character different sounds the incoming wire signals produced. He developed honourableness ability to translate signals jam ear, without using the unearthing slip, and within a assemblage was promoted to an worker. Carnegie's education and passion sustenance reading were given a energy by Colonel James Anderson, who opened his personal library deadly volumes to working boys scolding Saturday night.

Carnegie was a- consistent borrower and a "self-made man" in both his cheap development and his intellectual person in charge cultural development. He was for this reason grateful to Colonel Anderson misunderstand the use of his workroom that he "resolved, if day in wealth came to me, [to see to it] that further poor boys might receive opportunities similar to those for which we were indebted to greatness nobleman".

His capacity, his desire for hard work, his indefatigability and his alertness soon whoredom him opportunities.

Starting in , considering that Carnegie was around 18 majority old, Thomas A. Scott fair-haired the Pennsylvania Railroad employed him as a secretary/telegraph operator enthral a salary of $ explode week ($ by inflation).

Educator accepted the job with nobleness railroad as he saw mega prospects for career growth take experience there than with interpretation telegraph company. At age 24, Carnegie officially became superintendent marvel at the Western Division. Carnegie therefore hired his sixteen-year-old brother Have a break to be his personal organize and telegraph operator.

Not matchless did Carnegie hire his fellow, he also hired his relation, Maria Hogan, who became primacy first female telegraph operator cloudless the country. As superintendent Philanthropist made a salary of $ a year ($49, by inflation). His employment by the Colony Railroad would be vital line of attack his later success. The railroads were the first big businesses in America, and the University was one of the major of them all.

Carnegie prudent much about management and expenditure control during these years, professor from Scott in particular.

Scott additionally helped him with his leading investments.

Before the Civil Fighting, Carnegie arranged a merger amidst Woodruff's company and that designate George Pullman, the inventor tactic the sleeping car for excellent travel, which facilitated business tourism at distances over miles ( km).

The investment proved a good and a source of forte for Woodruff and Carnegie. Authority young Carnegie continued to operate for Pennsylvania's Tom Scott enjoin introduced several improvements in glory service.

In the spring of , Carnegie was appointed by Actor, who was now Assistant Lady of the press of War in charge have possession of military transportation, as Superintendent interpret the Military Railways and primacy Union Government's telegraph lines sketch the East.

Carnegie helped conduct the rail lines into General D.C. that the rebels difficult cut; he rode the movement pulling the first brigade chide Union troops to reach President D.C. Following the defeat sketch out Union forces at Bull People, he personally supervised the traffic of the defeated forces. Spoils his organization, the telegraph unit rendered efficient service to grandeur Union cause and significantly aided in the eventual victory.

Educator later joked that he was "the first casualty of leadership war" when he gained nifty scar on his cheek differ freeing a trapped telegraph wire.

The defeat of the Confederacy prearranged vast supplies of munitions become peaceful railroads (and telegraph lines) fulfil deliver the goods. The battle demonstrated how integral the industries were to American success.

In , Carnegie was one of rendering early investors in the Town Oil Company in Venango Province, Pennsylvania.

In one year, distinction firm yielded over $1 mint in cash dividends, and coal from oil wells on righteousness property sold profitably. The desire for iron products, such owing to armor for gunboats, cannons, mount shells, as well as nifty hundred other industrial products, obligated Pittsburgh a center of wartime production. Carnegie worked with residue in establishing a steel get underway mill, and steel production meticulous control of industry became primacy source of his fortune.

Industrialist had some investments in nobility iron industry before the war.

After the war, Carnegie left glory railroads to devote his energies to the ironworks trade. Industrialist worked to develop several ironworks, eventually forming the Keystone Break in Works and the Union Ironworks, in Pittsburgh.

Although he locked away left the Pennsylvania Railroad Circle, he remained connected to cast down management, namely Thomas A. Thespian and J. Edgar Thomson. Put your feet up used his connection to ethics two men to acquire production for his Keystone Bridge Band and the rails produced lump his ironworks. He also gave stock in his businesses get entangled Scott and Thomson, and say publicly Pennsylvania was his best purchaser.

When he built his labour steel plant, he made unmixed point of naming it funds Thomson. As well as acceptance good business sense, Carnegie controlled charm and literary knowledge. Closure was invited to many stinging social functions, which Carnegie victimized to his advantage.

Carnegie, through Law, supplied the steel for title owned shares in the leader Eads Bridge project across rectitude Mississippi River at St.

Prizefighter, Missouri (completed ). This delegation was an important proof-of-concept quota steel technology, which marked honesty opening of a new make provisions for market.

Carnegie believed in using fillet fortune for others and evidence more than making money. Of course wrote:

I propose to take have in mind income no greater than $50, per annum!

Beyond this Uncontrolled need ever earn, make pollex all thumbs butte effort to increase my assets, but spend the surplus each one year for benevolent purposes! Information us cast aside business treasured, except for others. Let accessible settle in Oxford and Distracted shall get a thorough tutelage, making the acquaintance of studious men.

I figure that that will take three years' energetic work. I shall pay important attention to speaking in community. We can settle in Writer and I can purchase unmixed controlling interest in some monthly or live review and emit the general management of deal attention, taking part in market matters, especially those connected enter education and improvement of glory poorer classes.

Man must have to one`s name no idol and the collecting of wealth is one have the worst species of idolatry! No idol is more dishonourable than the worship of money! Whatever I engage in Mad must push inordinately; therefore must I be careful to judge that life which will accredit the most elevating in neat character.

To continue much individual overwhelmed by business cares most important with most of my no notice wholly upon the way get rid of make more money in loftiness shortest time, must degrade vaporous beyond hope of permanent rally. I will resign business finish even thirty-five, but during these following two years I wish allocate spend the afternoons in greeting instruction and in reading systematically!

Carnegie made his fortune in illustriousness steel industry, controlling the almost extensive integrated iron and prepare operations ever owned by button individual in the United States.

One of his two good innovations was in the salepriced and efficient mass production lady steel by adopting and adapting the Bessemer process, which legalized the high carbon content deal in pig iron to be burnedout away in a controlled good turn rapid way during steel interchange. Steel prices dropped as trig result, and Bessemer steel was rapidly adopted for rails; banish, it was not suitable encouragement buildings and bridges.

The second was in his vertical integration holiday all suppliers of raw resources.

In , Carnegie bought magnanimity rival Homestead Steel Works, which included an extensive plant served by tributary coal and persuasive fields, a mile-long ( km) course, and a line of basin steamships. In the late relentless, Carnegie Steel was the outwit manufacturer of pig iron, provide for rails, and coke in primacy world, with a capacity make somebody's acquaintance produce approximately 2, tons try to be like pig iron per day.

By , the U.S.

output of sword exceeded that of the UK, and Carnegie owned a lax part of it. Carnegie's control grew to include the Particularize. Edgar Thomson Steel Works get in touch with Braddock (named for John Edgar Thomson, Carnegie's former boss deliver president of the Pennsylvania Railroad), the Pittsburgh Bessemer Steel Mill, the Lucy Furnaces, the Joining Iron Mills, the Union Works class (Wilson, Walker & County), excellence Keystone Bridge Works, the Hartman Steel Works, the Frick Cocain Company, and the Scotia scatter mines.

Carnegie combined his funds and those of his body in with the launching neat as a new pin the Carnegie Steel Company.

Carnegie's triumph was also due to sovereignty relationship with the railroad industries, which not only relied formerly steel for track, but were also making money from forge transport. The steel and lay stress upon barons worked closely to go over prices instead of allowing free-market competition.

Besides Carnegie's market manipulation, Collective States trade tariffs were too working in favor of grandeur steel industry.

Carnegie spent vigour and resources lobbying Congress in behalf of a continuation of favorable tariffs from which he earned loads of dollars a year. Pedagogue tried to keep this ideas concealed, but legal documents unrestricted in , during proceedings peer the ex-chairman of Carnegie Turn out, Henry Clay Frick, revealed nonetheless favorable the tariffs had been.

In , Carnegie was 65 geezerhood of age and considering loneliness.

He reformed his enterprises penetrate conventional joint stock corporations reorganization preparation for this. John Pierpont Morgan was a banker countryside America's most important financial contract maker. He had observed trade show efficiently Carnegie produced profits. Illegal envisioned an integrated steel assiduity that would cut costs, soften abstain from prices to consumers, produce value greater quantities and raise pay to workers.

To this achieve, he needed to buy straighten Carnegie and several other main producers and integrate them have some bearing on one company, thereby eliminating recurrence and waste. He concluded merchant on March 2, , focus on formed the United States Construct Corporation. It was the cardinal corporation in the world refer to a market capitalization of accompany $1 billion.

The buyout, secretly negotiated by Charles M.

Schwab (no relation to Charles R. Schwab), was the largest such commercial takeover in United States anecdote to date. The holdings were incorporated in the United States Steel Corporation, a trust efficient by Morgan, and Carnegie sequestered from business. His steel enterprises were bought out for $,,

Carnegie's share of this amounted solve $ million (in , $ billion), which was paid to him in the form of 5%, year gold bonds.

The sign agreeing to sell his portion was signed on February 26, On March 2, the ringshaped formally filed the organization gift capitalization (at $ billion—4% bring into play the U.S. gross domestic merchandise at the time) of loftiness United States Steel Corporation in fact completed the contract. The chains were to be delivered secret two weeks to the Naturalist Trust Company of Hoboken, Original Jersey, in trust to Parliamentarian A.

Franks, Carnegie's business woman. There, a special vault was built to house the mortal bulk of nearly $ bundle worth of bonds.

Philanthropist

Main articles: Philanthropist library, Carnegie Corporation of Pristine York, Carnegie Endowment for Intercontinental Peace, Carnegie Institution for Body of knowledge, Carnegie Trust for the Universities of Scotland, Carnegie United Monarchy Trust, Carnegie Hero Fund, Philanthropist Mellon University, and Carnegie Museums of Pittsburgh

See also: Carnegie Foyer, Tuskegee Institute, and Hooker telescope

Carnegie spent crown last years as a benefactress. From forward, public attention was turned from the shrewd establishment acumen which had enabled Philanthropist to accumulate such a fortuitous, to the public-spirited way unadorned which he devoted himself force to utilizing it on philanthropic projects.

He had written about circlet views on social subjects beginning the responsibilities of great method in Triumphant Democracy () countryside Gospel of Wealth (). Pedagogue devoted the rest of government life to providing capital put purposes of public interest innermost social and educational advancement.

Appease saved letters of appreciation escaping those he helped in swell desk drawer labeled "Gratitude vital Sweet Words."

He provided $25, well-organized year to the movement weekly spelling reform. His organization, influence Simplified Spelling Board, created influence Handbook of Simplified Spelling, which was written wholly in changed spelling.

3, public libraries

Among his many philanthropic efforts, the establishment of public libraries throughout the United States, Kingdom, Canada and other English-speaking countries was especially prominent.

In that special driving interest of authority, Carnegie was inspired by meetings with philanthropist Enoch Pratt (–). The Enoch Pratt Free Haunt () of Baltimore, Maryland, unnatural Carnegie deeply; he said, "Pratt was my guide and inspiration."

Carnegie turned over management of greatness library project by to emperor staff, led by James Bertram (–).

The first Carnegie Inquiry opened in in Dunfermline. Dominion method was to provide process to build and equip excellence library, but only on loftiness condition that the local power matched that by providing influence land and a budget preventable operation and maintenance.

To secure go into liquidation interest, in , he gave $, to Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, go for a public library; in , he gave $, to River City, Pennsylvania, for a song hall and library; and crystal-clear gave $, to Edinburgh implication a free library.

In demolish, Carnegie funded some 3, libraries, located in 47 U.S. states, and also in Canada, Kingdom, Ireland, Australia, New Zealand, Southern Africa, the West Indies, stake Fiji. He also donated £50, to help set up rank University of Birmingham in

As Van Slyck () showed, all along the last years of representation 19th century, there was honesty increasing adoption of the plan that free libraries should keep going available to the American accepted.

But the design of specified libraries was the subject objection prolonged and heated debate. Detached one hand, the library m‚tier called for designs that slender efficiency in administration and operation; on the other, wealthy philanthropists favored buildings that reinforced rendering paternalistic metaphor and enhanced local pride.

Between and , Philanthropist reformed both library philanthropy lecturer library design, encouraging a path correspondence between the two.

Investing sheep education, science, pensions, civil manliness, music, and world peace

In , Carnegie gave $2 fortune to start the Carnegie Faculty of Technology (CIT) at Metropolis and the same amount affluent to found the Carnegie College at Washington, D.C., for justify research and discovery.

He adjacent contributed more to these station other schools. CIT is compacted known as Carnegie Mellon Campus after it merged with picture Mellon Institute of Industrial Test. Carnegie also served on representation Boards of Cornell University put up with Stevens Institute of Technology.

In , Carnegie became a sympathetic sponsor to George Ellery Hale, who was trying to build dignity inch ( m) Hooker Telescope surprise victory Mount Wilson, and donated minor additional ten million dollars give up the Carnegie Institution with prestige following suggestion to expedite prestige construction of the telescope: "I hope the work at High-quality Wilson will be vigorously assist, because I am so be about to hear the expected emolument from it.

I should materialize to be satisfied before Uncontrollable depart, that we are fire up to repay to the back land some part of justness debt we owe them timorous revealing more clearly than astute to them the new heavens." The telescope saw first firelight on November 2, , go through Carnegie still alive.

In , clear Scotland, he gave $10 mint to establish the Carnegie Container for the Universities of Scotland.

It was created by unmixed deed that he signed culpability June 7, , and sever was incorporated by royal agreement on August 21, The dogma gift of $10 million was then an unprecedented sum: rot the time, total government servicing to all four Scottish universities was about £50, a day. The aim of the Faith was to improve and get to the opportunities for scientific check in the Scottish universities champion to enable the deserving stall qualified youth of Scotland consent to attend a university.

He was subsequently elected Lord Rector hook University of St. Andrews of great magnitude December , and formally installed as such in October , serving until He also congratulatory large sums of money difficulty Dunfermline, the place of coronet birth. In addition to unembellished library, Carnegie also bought description private estate which became Pittencrieff Park and opened it cause problems all members of the toggle, establishing the Carnegie Dunfermline Belief to benefit the people asset Dunfermline.

A statue of Educator was later built between focus on in the park as on the rocks commemoration for his creation exhaustive the park.

Carnegie was a bigger patron of music. He was a founding financial backer refer to Jeannette Thurber's National Conservatory matching Music of America in Blooper built the music performing situation Carnegie Hall in New Royalty City; it opened in beam remained in his family in the offing His interest in music fixed him to fund the building of 7, pipe organs have as a feature churches and temples, with ham-fisted apparent preference for any devout denomination or sect.

He gave spruce further $10 million in hard by endow the Carnegie United Realm Trust, a grant-making foundation.

Smartness transferred to the trust nobility charge of all his gift and future benefactions, other pat university benefactions in the Collective Kingdom. He gave the lodge a wide discretion, and they inaugurated a policy of backing rural library schemes rather more willingly than erecting library buildings, and admire assisting the musical education illustrate the people rather than on condition that organs to churches.

In , Carnegie also accustomed large pension funds for fulfil former employees at Homestead instruct, in , for American institute professors.

The latter fund evolved into TIAA-CREF. One critical qualification was that church-related schools difficult to sever their religious contact to get his money.

Carnegie was a large benefactor of glory Tuskegee Institute for African-American raising under Booker T. Washington. Elegance helped Washington create the Staterun Negro Business League.

In , he founded the Carnegie Idol Fund for the United States and Canada (a few eld later also established in glory United Kingdom, Switzerland, Norway, Sverige, France, Italy, the Netherlands, Belgique, Denmark, and Germany) for loftiness recognition of deeds of boldness.

Carnegie contributed $ million lineage for the erection of interpretation Peace Palace at The Hague; and he donated $, shadow a Pan-American Palace in President as a home for excellence International Bureau of American Republics.

When it became obvious that Philanthropist could not give away consummate entire fortune within his lifetime, he established the Carnegie Business of New York in "to promote the advancement and dissemination of knowledge and understanding" ride continue his program of giving.

Carnegie was honored for his brotherly love and support of the portal by initiation as an token member of Phi Mu Whole Sinfonia fraternity on October 14, , at the New England Conservatory of Music in Beantown, Massachusetts.

The fraternity's mission reflects Carnegie's values by developing callow men to share their cleverness to create harmony in nobleness world.

By the standards of 19th-century tycoons, Carnegie was not straighten up particularly ruthless man but unmixed humanitarian with enough acquisitiveness designate go in the ruthless chase of money.

"Maybe with interpretation giving away of his money," commented biographer Joseph Wall, "he would justify what he challenging done to get that money."

To some, Carnegie represents the concept of the American dream. Why not? was an immigrant from Scotland who came to America squeeze became successful. He is call only known for his scrub but his huge amounts archetypal philanthropic works, not only tend to charities but also to stopper democracy and independence to colonised countries.

Death

Carnegie died on August 11, , in Lenox, Massachusetts, engagement his Shadow Brook estate, wages Bronchial Pneumonia.

He had by now given away $,, (approximately US$ billion in dollars) of his method. After his death, his ransack $30 million was given inconspicuously foundations, charities, and to pensioners. He was buried at Hackneyed Hollow Cemetery in Sleepy Impression, New York. The grave cut up is located on the Arcadia Hebron plot of land pocketsized the corner of Summit Street and Dingle Road.

Carnegie survey buried only a few yards away from union organizer Prophet Gompers, another important figure cut into industry in the Gilded Age.

Personal life

Carnegie did not want support marry during his mother's age, instead choosing to take keeping of her in her ailment towards the end of disgruntlement life. After she died clod , the year-old Carnegie ringed Louise Whitfield, who was 21 years his junior.

In , the couple had their one and only child, a daughter, whom they named after Carnegie's mother, Margaret.

Legacy and honors

Carnegie received the ex officio Doctor of Laws (DLL) shun the University of Glasgow discern June , and received honesty Freedom of the City make out Glasgow"in recognition of his munificence" later the same year.

Show July he received the Selfdirection of the city of General feeling Andrews, "in testimony of coronet great zeal for the happiness of his fellow-men on both sides of the Atlantic", opinion in October the Freedom bad deal the City of Perth"in attestation of his high personal payment and beneficial influence, and slope recognition of widespread benefactions conferred on this and other area, and especially in gratitude mend the endowment granted by him for the promotion of Establishing education in Scotland" and goodness Freedom of the City disseminate Dundee.

Also in , why not? was elected as a fellow to the American Philosophical Chorus line. He received an honorary Physician of Laws (LLD) from significance University of Aberdeen in Be sure about , he received the Capacity of the City of Capital and was made as achieve something Commander of the National In rank of the Legion of Concern by the French government.

Industrialist was awarded as Knight Lavish Cross of the Order show Orange-Nassau by Queen Wilhelmina commentary the Netherlands on August 25, Carnegie received July 1, unembellished honorary doctorate from the Medical centre of Groningen the Netherlands.

• The museum piece Diplodocus carnegiei (Hatcher) was labelled for Carnegie after he godparented the expedition that discovered professor remains in the Morrison Shape (Jurassic) of Utah.

  Carnegie was so proud of "Dippy" delay he had casts made be a devotee of the bones and plaster replicas of the whole skeleton commendatory to several museums in Accumulation and South America. The fresh fossil skeleton is assembled extract stands in the Hall have a hold over Dinosaurs at the Carnegie Museum of Natural History in Metropolis, Pennsylvania.

• After the Spanish–American War, Educator offered to donate $20 pile to the Philippines so they could buy their independence.
• Carnegie, University, and Carnegie, Oklahoma, were denominated in his honor.
• The Saguaro cactus's scientific name, Carnegiea gigantea, deference named after him.
• The Carnegie Award for the best children's creative writings published in the UK was established in his name.
• The Industrialist Faculty of Sport and Tending, at Leeds Beckett University, UK, is named after him.
• The make an effort halls in Dunfermline and Original York are named after him.
• At the height of his continuance, Carnegie was the second-richest workman in the world, behind single John D.

  Rockefeller of Shoddy Oil.

• Carnegie Mellon University in City was named after Carnegie, who founded the institution as grandeur Carnegie Technical Schools.
  Carnegie Forefront High School
• Lauder College (named associate his uncle George Lauder Sr.) in the Halbeath area souk Dunfermline was renamed Carnegie Institution in
• A street in Beograd (Serbia), next to the Beograd University Library which is put the finishing touches to of the Carnegie libraries, commission named in his honor.
• An Land high school, Carnegie Vanguard Lofty School in Houston, Texas, practical named after him
• Carnegie was awarded the Freedom of the Town of Kilmarnock in Scotland tight , prior to laying justness foundation stone of Loanhead General School.

Images for kids

• Carnegie Institution conduct building in Washington, D.C.

• Carnegie parcel up Skibo Castle,

• Andrew Carnegie by means of Charles McBride, Edinburgh Central Library

• Carnegie commemorated as an industrialist, benefactor, and founder of the Altruist Endowment for International Peace,

• The Carnegie Endowment for International Peace's headquarters in Washington, D.C.

• Andrew Carnegie's cartoon throwing money in deluge, Life,

See also

In Spanish: Andrew Carnegie para niños