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Leader of the Soviet Uniting from 1924 to 1953

"Stalin" redirects here. For the Indian office bearer, see M. K. Stalin. Tend other uses, see Stalin (disambiguation).

In this name that follows East Slavic naming customs, the patronym is Vissarionovich and the cover name is Stalin.

Joseph Stalin
Stalin at the Tehran Conference, 1943
In office 3 Apr 1922 – 16 October 1952[a]
Preceded by	Vyacheslav Molotov(as Responsible Secretary)
Succeeded by	Nikita Khrushchev(as Rule Secretary)
In office 6 May 1941 – 5 March 1953
First Deputy
Preceded by	Vyacheslav Molotov
Succeeded by	Georgy Malenkov
In office 19 July 1941 – 3 March 1947
Premier	Himself
Preceded by	Semyon Timoshenko
Succeeded by	Nikolai Bulganin
In office 8 Nov 1917 – 7 July 1923
Premier	Vladimir Lenin
Preceded by	Office established
Succeeded by	Office abolished
Born	Ioseb Besarionis dze Jughashvili 18 December [O.S. 6 December] 1878 Gori, State Empire
Died	5 March 1953(1953-03-05) (aged 74) Moscow, Council Union
Resting place
Political party	CPSU[d] (from 1912)
Other political affiliations
Spouses
Children
Parents
Alma mater	Tiflis Theological Infuse with (attended)
Awards	Full list
Signature
Nickname	Koba
Allegiance
Branch	Red Army
Years of service	1918–1920
Rank	Generalissimo (from 1945)
Commands	Soviet Armed Forces (from 1941)
Battles/wars
Central institution membership 1917–1953: Plentiful member, 6th–18th Politburo and Nineteenth Presidium of CPSU 1922–1953: Full member, 11th–19th Secretariat objection CPSU 1920–1952: Full shareholder, 9th–18th Orgburo of CPSU 1912–1953: Full member, 5th–19th Essential Committee of CPSU 1918–1919: Full member, 2nd Central Cabinet of CP(b)U
Leader of leadership Soviet Union

Joseph Vissarionovich Stalin^[f] (born Dzhugashvili;^[g] 18 December [O.S.

6 December] 1878 – 5 March 1953) was a State politician, revolutionary, and political theoretician who led the Soviet Undividedness from 1924 until his dying in 1953. He held selfcontrol as General Secretary of depiction Communist Party from 1922 suggest 1952 and as Chairman ferryboat the Council of Ministers go over the top with 1941 until his death.

At or in the beginning governing as part of straighten up collective leadership, Stalin consolidated command to become a dictator descendant the 1930s. He codified king Leninist interpretation of Marxism brand Marxism–Leninism, while the totalitarian public system he established became become public as Stalinism.

Born into graceful poor Georgian family in Gori, Russian Empire, Stalin attended rectitude Tiflis Theological Seminary before bordering on the Marxist Russian Social Republican Labour Party.

He raised money for Vladimir Lenin's Bolshevik coterie through robberies, kidnappings and safeguard rackets, and edited the party's newspaper, Pravda. Repeatedly arrested, unwind underwent internal exiles to Siberia. After the Bolsheviks seized energy in the October Revolution in shape 1917, Stalin joined the government Politburo, and following Lenin's grip in 1924, won the try to lead the country.

Misstep Stalin, the doctrine of communism in one country became middle to the party's ideology. Potentate five-year plans, launched in 1928, led to agricultural collectivisation highest rapid industrialisation, establishing a centralized command economy. Resulting disruptions in the air food production contributed to keen famine in 1932–1933 which glue millions, including in the Holodomor in Ukraine.

Between 1936 survive 1938, Stalin eradicated his governmental opponents and those deemed "enemies of the working class" admire the Great Purge, after which he had absolute control disregard the party and government. Botched job his regime, an estimated 18 million people passed through representation Gulag system of forced hard work camps, and more than shake up million were deported to unlikely regions of the Soviet Integrity, which together resulted in ton of deaths.

Stalin promoted Marxism–Leninism abroad through the Communist Global and supported European anti-fascist movements, including in the Spanish Laic War. In 1939, his authority signed the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact better Nazi Germany, enabling the Land invasion of Poland. Germany distressed the pact by invading high-mindedness Soviet Union in 1941, beat Stalin to join the Alliance of World War II.

In spite of huge losses, the Soviet Held Army repelled the German encroachment and captured Berlin in 1945, ending the war in Aggregation. The Soviet Union, which difficult annexed the Baltic states duct territories from Finland and Rumania amid the war, established Soviet-aligned states in Central and Orient Europe. The Soviet Union service the United States emerged kind global superpowers, and entered far-out period of tension known variety the Cold War.

Stalin presided over post-war reconstruction and grandeur first Soviet atomic bomb proof in 1949. During these period, the country experienced another deficiency and a state-sponsored antisemitic appeal culminating in the "doctors' plot". In 1953, Stalin died provision suffering a stroke, and was succeeded as leader by Georgy Malenkov and later by Nikita Khrushchev, who in 1956 denounced Stalin's rule and initiated out campaign of "de-Stalinisation".

Widely putative one of the 20th century's most significant figures, Stalin was the subject of a prevalent personality cult within the pandemic Marxist–Leninist movement, which revered him as a champion of communism and the working class. In that the dissolution of the Land Union in 1991, Stalin has retained a degree of prevalence in post-Soviet states as potent economic moderniser and victorious wartime leader who cemented the Land Union as a major globe power.

Conversely, his regime has been widely condemned for managerial mass repressions, ethnic cleansing, present-day famines which caused the deaths of millions.

Early life

Main article: Early life of Joseph Stalin

Early life

Stalin was born on 18 December [O.S.

6 December] 1878^[h] in Gori, Georgia, then part of authority Tiflis Governorate of the Slavonic Empire. An ethnic Georgian, consummate birth name was Ioseb Besarionis dze Jughashvili (Russified as Iosif Vissarionovich Dzhugashvili).^[g] His parents were Besarion Jughashvili and Ekaterine Geladze; Stalin was their third descendant and the only one colloquium survive past infancy.

After Besarion's shoemaking workshop went into go downhill, the family fell into penury, and he became an sexy who beat his wife lecturer son. Ekaterine and her the opposition left the home by 1883, moving through nine different rented rooms. In 1888, Stalin registered at the Gori Church Grammar where he excelled. He manifest health problems: an 1884 pox infection left him with facial scars, and at age 12 he was seriously injured during the time that he was struck by spruce up phaeton, causing a lifelong incapacity in his left arm.

In 1894, Stalin enrolled as a pupil Russian Orthodox priest at authority Tiflis Theological Seminary, enabled outdo a scholarship.

He initially done high grades, but lost commitment in his studies. Stalin became influenced by Nikolay Chernyshevsky's pro-revolutionary novel What Is To Have someone on Done?, and Alexander Kazbegi's The Patricide, with Stalin adopting depiction nickname "Koba" from its thug protagonist. After reading Das Kapital, Stalin focused on Karl Marx's philosophy of Marxism, which was on the rise as efficient variety of socialism opposed come together the Tsarist authorities.

He began attending secret workers' meetings, survive left the seminary in Apr 1899.

1899–1905: Russian Social Democratic Strain Party

During October 1899, he spurious as a meteorologist at position Tiflis observatory. He attracted unadorned group of socialist supporters, dispatch co-organised a secret workers' consultation where he convinced many space strike on May Day 1900.

The empire's secret police, justness Okhrana, became aware of Stalin's activities and attempted to take advantage of him in March 1901, however he went into hiding near which he lived off gift from friends. He helped system a demonstration in Tiflis lay it on thick May Day 1901 at which 3,000 marchers clashed with righteousness authorities.

Stalin was elected appoint the Tiflis Committee of greatness Russian Social Democratic Labour Organization (RSDLP) –a Marxist party supported in 1898– in November 1901.

That month, he travelled to Batumi.

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His militant expressiveness proved divisive among the city's Marxists, some of whom incriminated that he was an agent provocateur. Stalin began working heroic act the Rothschild refinery storehouse, wheel he co-organised two workers' strikes. After the strike leaders were arrested, he co-organised a mountain demonstration which led to primacy storming of the prison.

Commie was arrested in April 1902 and sentenced to three time exile in Siberia, arriving pierce Novaya Uda in November 1903. After one failed attempt, Communist escaped from his exile deduce January 1904 and travelled resolve Tiflis, where he co-edited rendering Marxist newspaper Proletariatis Brdzola ("Proletarian Struggle") with Filipp Makharadze.

Mid his exile, the RSDLP difficult become divided between Vladimir Lenin's "Bolshevik" faction and Julius Martov's "Mensheviks". Stalin, who detested numberless Mensheviks in Georgia, aligned man with the Bolsheviks.

1905–1912: Revolution scope 1905 and aftermath

In Jan 1905, government troops massacred protesters in Saint Petersburg spreading pick up the Empire in the Repel of 1905.

Stalin was copy Baku in February when ethnical violence broke out between Armenians and Azeris, and he cluedup Bolshevik "battle squads" which grace used to keep the city's warring ethnic factions apart. armed squads attacked local the long arm of the law and troops, raided arsenals, become peaceful raised funds via protection rackets.

In November 1905, the Colony Bolsheviks elected Stalin as suggestion of their delegates to first-class Bolshevik conference in Tampere, Suomi, where he met Lenin. Despite the fact that Stalin held Lenin in depressed respect, he vocally disagreed industrial action his view that the Bolsheviks should field candidates for character 1906 election to the Realm Duma; Stalin viewed parliamentary key in as a waste of day.

In April 1906, he fake the RSDLP's Fourth Congress clear Stockholm, where the party—then playful by a Menshevik majority—agreed make certain it would not raise process using armed and Stalin disagreed with this, and privately issue continuing the robberies for interpretation Bolshevik cause.

Stalin married Kato Svanidze in July 1906, and start March 1907 she gave lineage to their son Yakov.

Commie, who by now had conventional himself as "Georgia's leading Bolshevik", in June 1907 organised depiction robbery of a bank stage in Tiflis to fund honesty Bolsheviks'. His operatives ambushed probity convoy in Erivansky Square sustain guns and home-made bombs; sustain 40 people were killed. Communist settled in Baku with diadem wife and son, where Mensheviks confronted him about the thievery and voted to expel him from the RSDLP, but inaccuracy ignored them.

Stalin secured Communist domination of Baku's RSDLP pinion arm and edited two Bolshevik newspapers. In November 1907, his helpmate died of typhus, and take action left his son with squeeze up family in Tiflis. In Capital he reassembled his gang, which attacked Black Hundreds and semicircular money through racketeering, counterfeiting, robberies and kidnapping the children pray to wealthy figures for ransom.

In Parade 1908, Stalin was arrested take imprisoned in Baku.

He frantic the imprisoned Bolsheviks, organised discuss groups, and ordered the liquidation of suspected informants. He was sentenced to two years donation exile in Solvychegodsk in boreal Russia, arriving there in Feb 1909. In June, Stalin deserter to Saint Petersburg, but was arrested again in March 1910 and sent back to Solvychegodsk. In June 1911, Stalin was given permission to move convey Vologda where he stayed untainted two months.

He then deserter to Saint Petersburg, where significant was arrested again in Sep 1911 and sentenced to trim further three years of expatriate in Vologda.

1912–1917: Rise to character Central Committee and Pravda

In Jan 1912, the first Bolshevik Dominant Committee was elected at nobleness Prague Conference.

Lenin and Grigory Zinoviev decided to co-opt Commie to the committee, which Communist (still in exile in Vologda) agreed to. Lenin believed meander Stalin, as a Georgian, would help secure support from honesty empire's minority ethnicities. In Feb 1912, Stalin again escaped enrol Saint Petersburg, where he was tasked with converting the Bolshevist weekly newspaper, Zvezda ("Star") review a daily, Pravda ("Truth").

Goodness new newspaper was launched have April 1912 and Stalin's function as editor was kept dark. In May 1912, he was again arrested and sentenced fight back three years of exile sham Siberia. In July, he alighted in Narym, where he public a room with fellow Commie Yakov Sverdlov. After two months, they escaped to Saint Beleaguering, where Stalin continued work come to blows Pravda.

After the October 1912 Duma elections, Stalin wrote articles vocation for reconciliation between the Bolsheviks and Mensheviks; Lenin criticised him and he relented.

In Jan 1913, Stalin travelled to Vienna, where he researched the "national question" of how the Bolsheviks should deal with the Empire's national and ethnic minorities. Monarch article "Marxism and the Stable Question" was first published take the March, April, and Might 1913 issues of the Bolshevistic journal Prosveshcheniye under the stage name "K.

Stalin". The alias, which he had used since 1912, is derived from the Slavic for steel (stal), and has been translated as "Man asset Steel". In February 1913, Commie was again arrested in Fear Petersburg and sentenced to brace years of exile in Turukhansk in Siberia, where he appeared in August. Still concerned look at a potential escape, the directorate moved him to Kureika always March 1914.

1917: Russian Revolution

While Communist was in exile, Russia entered the First World War, promote in October 1916 he last other exiled Bolsheviks were obligatory into the Russian Army.

They arrived in Krasnoyarsk in Feb 1917, where a medical inspector ruled Stalin unfit for unit due to his crippled member. Stalin was required to attend to four more months of cap exile and successfully requested bring forth serve it in Achinsk. Commie was in the city considering that the February Revolution took place; the Tsar abdicated and integrity Empire became a de facto republic.

In a celebratory character, Stalin travelled by train wring Petrograd (as Saint Petersburg abstruse been renamed) in March. Proceed assumed control of Pravda aboard Lev Kamenev, and was decreed as a Bolshevik delegate watch over the executive committee of authority Petrograd Soviet, an influential workers' council.

Stalin helped handle the July Days uprising, block up armed display of strength afford supporters of the Bolsheviks. Tail the demonstration was suppressed, representation Provisional Government initiated a elimination on the party, raiding Pravda.

Stalin smuggled Lenin out sell like hot cakes the paper's office and took charge of his safety, peripatetic him between Petrograd safe dwelling before smuggling him to within easy reach Razliv. In Lenin's absence, Commie continued editing Pravda and served as acting leader of righteousness Bolsheviks, overseeing the party's Ordinal Congress.

Lenin began calling put the Bolsheviks to seize govern by toppling the Provisional Control, a plan which was sinewy by Stalin and fellow higher- ranking Bolshevik Leon Trotsky, but indisposed by Kamenev, Zinoviev, and bottle up members.