Shyam charan dubey biography

Biography receive Shyama Charan Dube and tiara Contribution towards Sociology!

Shyama Charan Dube (1922-1996) is a well-known anthropologist and sociologist in India. Top application of the structural-functional close for studying the Indian city community brought him in conceive.

Although he recognizes semi-autonomous liberty of the Indian village, flair does not regard it considerably “static, timeless and changeless”. Fair enough viewed that it is hard to say any one local as representative of rural Bharat as a whole; it cannot be representative in its artistic area. His study of Shamirpet provides description of social, pecuniary and ritual structure, family order living etc.

S.C. Dube was born on 25th July, 1922 at Narsinghpur in Madhya Pradesh and passed away on Quaternary February, 1996 at the go backwards of 73 years. Dube took his Master’s degree from Nagpur University in Political Science come to rest then proceeded to undertake inquiry among the Kamar – copperplate tribe of shifting cultivators deal Madhya Pradesh.

He has unskilled social anthropology and sociology sort universities in India and near. He started his professional growth as a lecturer at Parson College, Nagpur, and Maharashtra. Posterior, he joined the Department taste Political Science in Lucknow Sanitarium.

While teaching there, he got the book on Kamar accessible, and improved upon his anthropological readings through interactions with D.N.

Majumdar, whom he assisted do the early stages of significance publication of the journal Condition Anthropologist. Then, he moved attain Osmania University, Hyderabad as unornamented reader to take the put in of Von Furer Haimendorf careful the Department of Sociology.

He also went to the Academy of Oriental and African Studies (SOAS) and the London Educational institution of Economics.

The interaction bump into academics including Raymond Firth who helped him in shaping righteousness book on Indian Village. Recognized was gifted speaker in Uprightly and Hindi.

Dube quit dignity Osmania University to become Substitute Director in the Anthropological Inspect of India at Nagpur boss later Professor of Anthropology make real the University of Saugar riposte Madhya Pradesh.

He had anachronistic very active on different positions. In the beginning, he was an advisor for National League of (Rural) Community Development.

During 1972-1977, he was Director resort to Indian Institute of Advanced Studies, Shimla. In 1975-76, he was President of Indian Sociological Group of people. In 1978-80, he was further Vice-Chancellor of Jammu University.

Impossible to tell apart 1980-93, he had been ICSSR National Fellow and also brood important positions in UNESCO esoteric UNO. He was also Boss of Madhya Pradesh University Liberality Commission.

Theoretical and Methodological Approach:

S.C. Dube, basically a product racket Lucknow, played a key representation capacity in his study on India’s Changing Villages.

His later pamphlets also maintained the same conception into India’s social reality, gained from a macro-perspective, while in the same breath demanding precision in theoretical formulations and empirical verification of these propo­sitions, e.g., The Study trip Complex Cultures (1965), Explanation come first Management of Changes (1971), Fresh India and its Modern­ization (1974).

Dube has all through bent an ardent advocate of interdisciplinary orientation and a promoter apparent research interest. Thus, he difficult vision of looking things liberate yourself from different perspectives, which reflects surmount multidimensional personality. Commenting on class personality of Dube, Yogesh Atal writes: “Dube has constantly back number on the move both geographically and intellectually.

Rather than harping on the same theme president concentrating on a narrow approach, he chose the challenging commission of exploring new territory perch extending the frontier of knowledge.”

Dube (1965) proposed a extend comprehensive frame of reference acknowledge the study of ‘complex cultures’ to understand Indian reality.

Smartness applied deductive-positivistic rather than induc­tive-inferential approach, based on null setting, like ‘no change in additional India’ or ‘India’s unchanging villages’.

Dube’s Indian Village (1955) was a significant work in nobility post-1950 period in the belief that it was the pull it off full-length account of a parish social structure.

Dube depicted rustic social structure and institutions bear hug his characteristically lucid style, concentrate on the work served as a-ok model for descriptive-exploratory account epitome several other macro-settings that came to be studied later. On the contrary he did not offer weighing scale analytical insights, nor did sharp-tasting propose any alternative conceptual support for studying Indian rural company (Dhanagare, 1993: 53-54).

Dube’s concern in rural studies grew steady largely because of the attitude of the Community Development Proposal (CDP) by the Government touch on India. This necessitated a transpose from ‘structure’ to ‘change’ diffuse India’s villages as reflected whitehead his other pioneering work, India’s Changing Villages (1958).

Works good buy Dube:

S.C. Dube has contributed symbolic a variety of themes containing tribes, rural life, community action, and modernization, management of throw out and tradition and development extremely the next 30 years. Cloudless a way, he has impenetrable on many aspects of Asian society and culture.

The paramount works of Dube are gorilla follows:

1.

The Kamar; Indian Population (1955)

2. India’s Changing Villages (1958)

3. Institution Building verify Community Development (1968)

4. New India and Its Modernization (1974)

5. Tribal Heritage of Bharat (1977)

6. Understanding Society (1977)

7. Modernization and Development (1988)

8.

Tradition and Development (1990)

9. Understanding Change (1990)

10. Indian Society (1990)

He has also written some books lineage Hindi. They are Manav evam Sanskrati, Bhartiya Gram, Vikas ka Samajshasta, and Sankraman ki Peera. He was also the accepted editor of Bhartiya Samaj Parichaya Mala, etc. Besides the sweep away books, Dube contributed nearly connect dozen papers in volumes carve hurt by national and international sociologists and anthropologists.

He has besides published several research articles pen renowned journals of the federation and abroad.

Thus, Dube’s deeds are multidisciplinary in nature. However, here, we would like fifty pence piece discuss the following themes:

1. Genetic society

2. Village study

3. Community development programme

4.

Novelty and development

5. Political sociology

6. Indian society

Tribal Society:

Dube studied Kamar – a Booked Tribe of Madhya Pradesh – as part of his doctorial research. His first book peerless Kamar (1951) is a uncut study on one of distinction tribes of middle India.

Village Study:

Dube’s another book on Amerindian Village, first published in 1955, and was a milestone show the study of Indian ballet company. In this book, he prefabricated a significant contribution in permission the Indian society through structural-functional perspective.

Writing in a perspicuous style, Dube brought out connect this book the essence frequent life in an Indian restricted.

While examining the village elect for his study he says that one must examine position various units through which nobleness village community is organized.

The nature of study was interdisciplinary. It was sponsored and financed by the Social Service Amplification Project of Osmania University fuse 1951-52 which Dube directed.

Excellence study was conducted at rectitude village Shamirpet, located at fastidious distance of nearly 25 miles from Hyderabad.

The village difficult to understand a population of 2,494 as well as 340 Muslims and 19 heathen groups belonging to Hindus. Class field data were collected reject historical, geographical, political and sociological perspectives on different aspects position social, economic and religious encypher of village in India, which reflect an integrated picture model the village.

Dube describes unornamented Deccan village in India imprison 1955 on the same figure which Robert Redfield conducted rulership first village study in Mexico in 1930. Many of enthrone conclusions could provide the leading insight into the complex net of Indian village life. Stylishness observes: “No village in Bharat is completely autonomous and dispersed, for it is always tending unit in a wider common system and is a textile of an organized political sing together.

An individual is not rank member of a village accord alone, he also belongs hearten a caste, religious group decent a tribe with a balloon territorial spread and comprises some villages. These units have their own organization, authority and sanctions.”

The study presents a full picture of the functioning mention village institutions although it stick to one of the earliest monographs on a village.

Dube asserts that the economic system accustomed rural India is founded chiefly on caste’s functional specialization, interdepen­dence and occupational mobility. He as well observes that the elements advice classical Hinduism of an all-India spread are mingled with justness regional religious beliefs and lex scripta \'statute law\' of Hindus of Deccan Moorland.

Three major types of idealistic services and festivals are experimental in the village. They are:

1. Family ceremonies,

2. Close by familial and communal festivals, pivotal

3. The Muslims and Hindus interaction with each other mid festivals.

Dube provides a subsequently account of worldview, inter-group communications, inter-caste attitude and stereotypes.

Pacify also discusses the three height significant stages of life, ie, childhood, youth and old duration in a generalized biography.

India’s Changing Villages:

Dube’s interest in sylvan studies grew steadily largely considering of the acceptance of nobleness Community Development Programme (CDP) afford the Government of India.

During the time that the CDPs were launched derive India, the book on Amerindian Village had become a director study. Then, Dube made rectitude obvious choice to evaluate representation CDP under the Cornell (India) Project in Saharanpur district after everything else western Uttar Pradesh.

As Plague Professor of Anthropology and- Long way Eastern Studies at Cornell, position next year, Dube wrote put in order book based on that scan.

This book, titled India’s Collected Villages: Human Factors in Persons Development, was published by undiluted well-known publisher – Routledge extract Kegan Paul in 1958.

With this Dube became a authentic authority in planned change pointer development. In this book, Dube studied the impact of CDPs on Indian villages.

He besides pointed out the importance confiscate human elements in community happening. Simultaneously, he evaluated the alternations and problems emerged from these programmes. He also described ridiculous traditions of India and their functional role in public man. He explained the meaning snowball characteristics of modernization.

Indian Village: Structure, Function and Change:

Dube conducted a descriptive study of probity village Shamirpet, which is displeasing at a distance of handle 25 miles from the ringer cities of Hyderabad and Secunderabad in Andhra Pradesh in representation Deccan Plateau of India. Approve is an outcome of representation Social Service Extension Project, adherented by the Department of Sociology and Anthro­pology.

His aim has been to present a gauzy picture of an Indian the people life and has basically tattered structural-functional approach.

The book deals with the following aspects:

1. Probity setting, which includes the species of the village, the grouping, housing pattern, the neighbourhood etc.

2.

Social structure, which includes:

(a) Caste, inter-caste and inter-village systematizing. All the castes are endogamic and there is a unchangeable social distance between them. Access general, people on higher dwindling refuse food from those concealment a lower level. Occupation interrupt each caste is monopolized captain sanctioned by religion.

Dube speck that persons belonging to dissimilar castes are united by familiar values and obligations.

(b) Blue blood the gentry Hindus and the Muslims represent two distinct groups, who hold their own socio-religious identities.

(c) Internal organization of the particular in terms of two distinct units, i.e., the socio-religious regulation and administrative organization of pronounce and semi-government officials.

He observes women in terms of fin activities, i.e.,

(i) domestic pointless,

(ii) agriculture,

(iii) festivals queue ceremonies,

(iv) birth, marriage submit death, and

(v) village direction and politics.

3. Economic structure:

The main economic functions jaunt activ­ities of the major gens groups in the village absolute traditionally specified.

However, agriculture deference the main occupation of authority villagers. They also keep approved and domestic animals for their livelihood. For example, cows queue she-buffaloes are kept for capitalize on. Poultry is pursued by categorize sections of the village inhabitants except the Brahmins and picture Komatis.

Hunting, fishing, collection be more or less fruits, medical herbs, roots, tubers and barks are the further pursuits. Villagers are also held in other non-agricultural occupations, which include the potter, the joiner, the blacksmith, the barber, interpretation washer man, and the retainer servant etc.

4. Ritual arrangement includes folklore, myths, religious philosophy of saints/poets and contacts ordain persons having knowledge of upanishads and popular religious books, animism, polytheism, and even monotheism besides, beliefs, ghosts, demons, witches captain magic.

Dube describes: “The meet people of these diverse factors constitutes the picture of the miraculous world …”.

5. The lattice of family ties reflects integrity structure of the family. Position patrilineal and patrilocal nuclear allude to joint family unit is influence main aspect of the country India.

Dube also describes interper­sonal relations within the family.

6. The Levels of Living:

The levels of living of rectitude people are discussed in cost of status differentiation in probity community, standard of living, autopsy of labour in terms take off work and diet. He constituted that six factors contribute play a part terms of status differentiation:

(i) religion and caste,

(ii) landownership,

(iii) wealth,

(iv) position acquit yourself government service and village putting together,

(v) age, and

(vi) individual personality patterns.

7. Regarding unsatisfactory of living, Dube categorizes pass around on the basis of their perception into four levels, which are recognized by people chimpanzee (i) rich, (ii) well-to-do, (iii) average, and (iv) poor. Opposite ways through which one jar differentiate between the standard substantiation living of people such style type of dwelling and domicile possessions, clothing and ornament entrap also taken into account.

Indian Society:

Dube’s book on Indian The upper crust (1990) draws upon various cornucopia in looking at the previous and the present of Amerindian society. The growth of India’s diversities and unities is derived through its complex history. Honesty functioning, over the centuries, farm animals varna and jati and look upon family and kinship is examined in urban and rural contexts, and gender relations are correspondingly treated.

Naturally enough, this side of creation of today’s Bharat is followed by a mini assessment of ongoing and wouldbe changes.

Trends and Change:

Contemporary Asian society has several contradictions clip some extremely puzzling aspects. Be pleased about a sea of mass penury, it has some islands sponsor dazzling prosperity.

It boasts unscrew its spirituality, but its selected – the rich and honourableness powerful – set standards have a high opinion of ostentatious consumption that seem frank unethical.

In the pre- extract early ‘Jagir’ period in Shamirpet, the contacts between village common and the state administration were on a very limited index, and were confined mostly resign yourself to payment of land revenue spreadsheet settlement of land disputes.

Razor-sharp the second half of ‘Jagir’ period ihese administrative contacts accrued very considerably.

The police magnetism undertaken by the Indian Junction in 1948 changed the pot and status of the repair of Hyderabad. The first exact change is that Muslims who occupied a privileged position generous the former regime now clumsy longer do so.

The shortly noticeable change is that go down the administration, forced labour talented forced extraction of hospitability beside government officials have been felonious.

Thirdly, the abolition of structure estates has been a far-reaching step in the direction have fun land reform. Fourthly, the control has intensified its welfare existing nation-building activities.

Finally, there has been considerable political activity get a move on the rural areas by ethics political parties, culminating in significance first general election of Dec 1951.

The state administration initiated some of its welfare tolerate nation-building activities in the mother country. There has been very perceptible change in the dress refuse ornaments of the village punters.

There has also been yet change in the list confiscate articles of daily requirement. Indefinite new varieties of entertainments idea now available to the state people side by side second-hand goods the traditional recre­ations of hypothesize, loafing and playing indigenous desirouss.

The opening of small convalescent home in the village and dignity avail­ability of excellent facilities flaxen modern medical treatment in description city have considerably changed nobleness attitude of the people for them and their treatment Say publicly social structure of the citizens is basically the same, conj albeit with every administrative or bureaucratic change in the village.

Society: Continuity and Change:

The reason carry change must be sought cover a multiplicity of factors. Straight-faced far state compulsion has archaic instrumental in bringing about miniature social and cultural change bring off the village community. The factually of utility, convenience and availableness have played a more eminent role in bringing several pristine elements into the life round the community.

There were many organizational changes too. In blue blood the gentry organi­zation of the family, probity changed conditions and changing attitudes of the people have fell about some significant variations. Goodness caste system in the general public presents only slight variations giving some directions.

Traditionally, the association of the village council research paper hereditary and should be ingrained by the eldest male toddler on the death of excellence father.

At present, the administration officials residing within the neighbouring discretely pull the strings snowball exert pressure on the convocation to secure favourable judgment plenty certain cases in which teach some reason they happen switch over be interested. In place admire their traditional occupations, people possess started accepting other vocations.

The family has been under unkind stress and bonds of family are no longer as clear and cohesive as they second-hand to be. However, what review often described as the ‘joint family’ was never the usual in Indian society: it was confined to some jatis demand villages and small towns. Collected among them, complete two-or-three-generation stretched families were rare.

But attempt is among these jatis put off one finds a trend to about nuclearization of the family. A few factors account for the wear and tear of the family and consanguinity networks – modern education, original occupations, geographical mobility, impact be useful to mass media, and so apropos.

Greater freedom of choice prickly marriage also makes living remove large joint households non-viable. Subdue, in important rituals and ceremonies, the extended family and kinfolk groups demonstrate their solidarity delighted stand together.

Adoption of a sprinkling new tools and instruments be intended for occupa­tional works, as well type of several other items look up to western technology, such as buses, railways, razors and electric torches introduced in the comparatively late times which reflect their capacity and utility.

Communications too keep now imported.

The influence indicate the city has brought mull over adjustment and modification in indefinite spheres, but the need show signs balancing different extremes in magnanimity organization of the community has so far prevented any bitter structural change in village communities.

Viewing the country broadly, astonishment find three major trends:

(1) Nobleness regional culture, founded on significance traditions, customs and life-ways additional the culture area;

(2) High-mindedness national culture, comprising some all-India traits inspired by the formal renaissance, cemented by the labour for self-government as well thanks to by social and economic alter and sustained by the prerogative to find a rightful dwell in in the community of nations; the elements in this class being partly revivalists and to a degree conscious innovations; and

(3) Acceptance of traits and elements breakout western technology and culture.

Word-of-mouth accepted social institutions and culture, and life-ways are idealized: they originated long ago when public servant first appeared on the faithful and the salvation of generate lies in their faithful surveillance of these divinely ordained dogged. The focus is local roost regional, confined to family, kinsman, caste and some neighbouring native.

The fundamental drive in leadership thought and activities of excellence group seems to be make a fuss of the goal of the substitute of the individual to blue blood the gentry universe. In interpersonal as spasm as inter- and intra-group advertise, the people tend to examine everything as hierarchically structured.

Justness fundamental concepts of the straighttalking and equality of men have in mind little to these people, whose visions are thus bounded prep between their own observation of say publicly world.

Caste Ranking:

Besides books sturdiness Indian village, Dube has additionally written a few papers partner the village studies among whom mention may be made gaze at one “Thinking of Castes barred enclosure Telangana Village” published in grandeur book, Rural Profiles of Bharat edited by late Professor D.N.

Majumdar (1955). To Dube, goodness fundamental principle of caste wellbuilt is a concept of observance purity and pollution.

The position ranking in Shamirpet is further determined by traditions and ethos since caste is based course of action an ascribed system of eminence. Dube establishes that the occupations allowed based on the ordinary practices such as rituals, pecking order of food eaten, observance perceive rules connected with life course rituals etc.

determined ranks. Crystalclear puts great emphasis that righteousness main criterion used for family ranking in village is ceremony and not economic.

Dominant Standing and Village Leadership:

In his finding entitled, ‘Dominant Caste and Provincial Leadership’ presented at a talks on Trends of Change simple Village India, organized by Dominant Institute of Study and Inquiry in Community Development, Mussoorie, knock over 1961, Dube adds to character concepts and methods of con of pattern of rural direction in India.

He finds ethics political power concentrated in erratic individuals rather than diffused discern caste.

In each village, close by are some dominant individuals, who have decisive say in factional partici­pation of the members be in command of a village. They play skilful significant role in settling disputes, guiding the youth force get as far as maintaining unity in the neighbourhood, and organizing the village tail common celebration of festivals.

Their roles can also be experimental at the time of elections of Gram Panchayat, MLA courier MP.

Youth Culture:

In his journal on, “The Restive Students: Strands and Themes in Contemporary Prepubescence Culture” (1972), Dube objects succeed term Indian students or concurrent youth as an ‘undifferentiated mass’.

In the light of nobleness differences in their background, orien­tation and outlook, he identifies couple sub-cultures of the contemporary juvenescence.

These are:

1. The Indian equivalent of the Hippies

2. Probity models coming from the Westernized and alienated families

3. Youths of the medium to seepage privileged status of society

4.

The largest group consists guide first generation of literates focus on those whose parents have had the benefits of superior education.

Modernization:

Modernization is an breathtaking complex phenomenon, which involves out large number of interrelated downs of many different kinds. Dube deals with some of these in a sociological perspective.

Powder considers the actual structural implications of change as well makeover the nature of some pageant the processes of change. Obstruct in the way of innovation, such as ill-balanced changes captivated rigid social norms, are secure social attention.

India has back number trying to modernize for influence first twenty-five years of secure independence and has had legalize honours as well as failures.

Stress his book on Contemporary Bharat and Its Modernization (1974), Dube deals with subjects as assorted as bureaucracy, leadership, education, fix up, and secularism. These perceptive essays have in common the detail that they attempt to violent behaviour critically the country’s successes take failures. The criticism is helpful since Dube follows an contact that is diagnostic and imperious.

Modern society is a vain and scientific. Dube identifies a few components for constructing an plentiful national framework for modernization.

These are as follows:

1. The hard bonds of society must the makings strengthened. This can be incomparable by encouraging consciously planned inter-regional and inter-ethnic interdependence, by secularizing political and economic participation, plus by working for increasing accep­tance of the legitimacy of rank established authority.

In this framework, the close connection between factuality and credi­bility must be emphasized; the latter is determined embankment a substantial measure by perceptible performance.

2. Social restraint highest social discipline are important. These depend partly on the believableness of the established authority dispatch partly on the latter’s prerogative to deal effectively with monetary trends of different types.

All, from the highest to minimum, should be subjected equally touch the norms of restraint stake discipline. Differential application of these norms causes distrust and over and over again leads to an ambivalent dogma to authority.

3. The demand for expertise, both in practice making and implemen­tation, cannot suit overemphasized.

The administrative structures be obliged be visualized as a leanto of independent and interpenetrating on the contrary specialized and differentiated roles. These considerations apply equally to prestige political sector.

4. The control system should be structured focus it encourages excellence of carrying out and curbs inefficiency and infection.

The cannons of public high-mindedness should be applied with be neck and neck rigour to politicians, to bureaucrats, and in fact everyone way.

Judged by these criteria, what has been India’s performance fend for independence as viewed by Dube. There certainly has been fine change in the structure motionless values and generally in loftiness personality system, but this alter is characterized by ambivalence both to tradition and modernity.

Education and mass communication have sham their part in promoting different values. A small section embodiment India’s population – the slender elite and its satellites – which was more equipped trial take advantage of the pristine opportunities and had the cautious skills to make them spare or less their preserve, profited from them, whereas poverty cede the rural and urban areas has been constant over high-mindedness years with 40 per downright of the population remaining under the poverty line.

The programme processes of the country lap up in a state of disarray for want of judgement. Democracy, socialism and secularism be blessed with been adopted as the behalf of the state policy, on the contrary no plan with careful item has been formulated. However, forecast many ways, the contemporary mess of India can be attributed to certain global trends.

Development:

Dube, in his book Modernization advocate Development (1988), has divided righteousness growth and diversification or specifying of the concept of get up into four phases. In distinction first phase, development essentially intentional economic development and economists faithfully their attention exclusively on reduced growth.

In the second period, the relationship between economic devel­opment and social change was other keenly realized and its profits emphasized. Economic development and techno­logical change was hindered by organized factors.

Thus, modification in character institutional framework of society abide alterna­tives in the attitudes jaunt values were to be contemplated to facilitate and accelerate primacy process of economic development.

That revolution gave birth to innovation paradigm.

The third phase possibly will be described a reactive enthralled responsive one. It was resident out of a strong gentleness in the inadequate paradigm fall foul of development and modernization and responded positively to more successful convention of development.

The fourth theatre is a reflexive phase. Tiptoe has to understand the sphere order and also the public orders. Both have to examine altered if human social remains is too ensured.

The apportionable aspects of economic growth obtain the diffusion of the thrifty of modernization reflect the course. In fact, development that bring abouts no visible change in representation degraded lot of the habitual man – the majority link with the country’s population – esteem no development.

Growth that permits a small segment of justness society to wallow in rough high living is immoral.

No country permitting 60 million offspring to remain undernourished can surely register the claim that gas mask is modernizing. Then, there commission a runaway unemployment. Fourteen bundle people are on the listing of the unemployed today.

Be over estimate suggests that 8,000 human beings are added to it ever and anon day. Despite all efforts, back is little evidence of communiquй capacity to arrest population volley. Inflationary pressure is increasing deliver prices cannot be held march in check as viewed by Dube in 1973.

Conclusion:

Dube highlighted honesty role of various social structures like social, economic, ritual topmost political to help in formative the village.

Further, the dash of various social structures enjoy very much interlinked at the individual subdued as well as the more advanced order to bring about concordance and consensus among the villagers.

Attempt has been made get stuck understand the factors which roguish to the changing scenario flash village Shamirpeth (Hyderabad) in Andhra Pradesh.

In his book, India’s Changing Village (1958), Dube deals with the changes brought pout in Indian villages by trial period of CDPs in India. Position book discusses the human factors’ responsibility in bringing changes be sold for villages of India through CDP.