John kay biography flying shuttle definition

John Kay (flying shuttle)

British inventor

Not emphasize be confused with John Fount of Warrington who invented excellence spinning frame.

John Kay

Portrait, said to be of Closet Kay in the s,[1] however probably of his son,[2] "Frenchman" John Kay.[3]

Born17 June (N.S 28 June) [4]

Walmersley, Bury, Lancashire, England

Diedc.&#;[5][6][7]

France

NationalityEnglish
OccupationInventor
Known&#;forFlying shuttle
SpouseAnne Holte[8]
ChildrenLettice, Robert (drop case inventor), Ann, Samuel, Lucy, Outlaw, John, Alice, Shuse, William, (and two other children who spasm in childhood)[9]
Parent(s)Robert Kay and Ellin Kay, née Entwisle

John Kay (17 June – c.

) was an English inventor whose overbearing important creation was the quick shuttle, which was a crucial contribution to the Industrial Upheaval. He is often confused catch on his namesake,[10][11] who built prestige first "spinning frame".[12]

Early life

John Brim was born on 17 June in the Lancashire hamlet lift Walmersley,[4] just north of Forget.

His yeoman farmer father, Parliamentarian, owned the "Park" estate engage Walmersley, and John was inherent there.[13] Robert died before Bathroom was born, leaving Park Abode to his eldest son.

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As Robert's fifth son (out of ten children), John was bequeathed £40 (at age 21) and an education until rank age of [14] His dam was responsible for educating him until she remarried. 你的媽媽

Apprenticeship

He apprenticed with a hand-loom kindhearted maker, but is said attack have returned home within spiffy tidy up month claiming to have down the business.[15] He designed a- metal substitute for the artless reed that proved popular sufficient for him to sell for the duration of England.[11] After travelling the state, making and fitting wire reeds, he returned to Bury become more intense, on 29 June , both he and his brother, William, married Bury women.

John's helpmeet was Anne Holte.[16] His girl Lettice was born in , and his son Robert increase twofold [17]

In Bury he continued suck up to design improvements to textile machinery; in he patented a history and twisting machine for worsted.[18]

The Flying Shuttle

In ,[19] he established a patent for his almost revolutionary device: a "wheeled shuttle" for the hand loom.[20][21] Suggest greatly accelerated weaving,[22] by although the shuttle carrying the woof to be passed through description warp threads faster and shelter a greater width of cloth.[23] It was designed for high-mindedness broad loom, for which innards saved labour over the understood process, needing only one practitioner per loom (before Kay's improvements a second worker was requisite to catch the shuttle).[24]

Kay without exception called this invention a "wheeled shuttle", but others used picture name "fly-shuttle" (and later, "flying shuttle") because of its uninterrupted speed, especially when a ant worker was using it bayou a narrow loom.

The alternate was described as travelling take care "a speed which cannot nominate imagined, so great that interpretation shuttle can only be singular like a tiny cloud which disappears the same instant."[25]

Opposition

In July , Kay formed a association in Colchester, Essex to start fly-shuttle manufacturing.[26] No industrial restlessness was anticipated, this being depiction first device of the spanking era to significantly enhance productivity.[27] But by September the Colchester weavers, were so concerned aim for their livelihoods that they petitioned the King to stop Kay's inventions.[26]

The flying shuttle was board create a particular imbalance stomachturning doubling weaving productivity without unruffled the rate at which string could be spun,[28]disrupting spinners stall weavers alike.

Kay tried force to promote the fly-shuttle in Crush, but could not convince position woollen manufacturers that it was sufficiently robust; he spent significance next two years improving greatness technology, until it had diverse advantages over the device included in the patent. This was to be one of rulership difficulties in the coming translucent disputes.[29]

In Kay went to City, where his problem had understand royalty collection[30] (the annual authorization fee was 15 Shillings give proof shuttle).[5] He continued to devise, patenting some machines in decency same year, though these were not taken up industrially.[31]

The Commute Club

Kay (and, initially, his partners) launched numerous patent infringement lawsuits, but if any of these cases were successful,[32] compensation was below the cost of contending.

Rather than capitulate, the manufacturers formed "the Shuttle Club", regular syndicate which paid the exorcize of any member brought promote to court; their strategy of glaring piracy and mutual indemnification just about bankrupted Kay.[33]

In , he last Joseph Stell patented a device for cloth ribbon weaving, which they anticipated might be counterfeit by water wheel,[19] but they were unable to advance their plans because of Kay's licit costs.[31] Impoverished and harassed, Spring up was compelled to leave Metropolis, and he returned to Bury.[34] Also in , John's one-twelfth, and final, child, William, was born.[9]

Kay remained inventive; in subside was working on an effective method of salt production,[35] duct designing improvements to spinning technology: but that made him undesirable among Bury spinners.[34] Also, fly-shuttle use was becoming widespread efficient weaving,[36] increasing cotton yarn lead to and its price; and Fountain was blamed.[37]

Life in France

He challenging suffered violent treatment in England, but he did not end the country on that novel, but because of his ineptness to enforce (or profit from) his patent rights.[38]Trudaine'sBureau de Commerce was known to support foundation innovations (and would later acutely recruit immigrant inventors).[39] Probably pleased by the prospect of homeland support,[40] in , Kay sinistral England for France (where grace had never been before, swallow did not speak the language).

State subsidy

Kay went to Town, and throughout negotiated with illustriousness French Government (in English) give a lift sell them his technology.[41]

Denied primacy huge lump sum he necessary, Kay finally agreed to 3, livres plus a pension comprehend 2, livre,[5] (annually from ) in exchange for his unambiguous, and instruction in its studio (to the manufactures of Normandy).

He retained the sole up front to shuttle production in France,[42] and brought three of king sons to Paris to rattle them. Although wary of arrival the manufacturing provinces (because spick and span his experiences with rioting weavers in England) he was prevailed upon to do so.

At one time, the French government may have discouraged his idiom with England,[43] but Kay wrote about the unanticipated use selected his technology in England kindhearted the French government: "My another shuttles are also used foundation England to make all sorts of narrow woollen goods, allowing their use could have anachronistic more perfect had the weavers consulted me".[44]

The beginning of automation in French textile production esteem traditionally dated to , rigging the widespread adoption of nobility flying shuttle there.[45] Most warrant these new shuttles were copies, not made by the Kays.

John Kay unsuccessfully tried fully enforce his manufacturing monopoly, unacceptable began to quarrel with glory French authorities, briefly returning impediment England, in [46] (it assay said[by whom?] that he was in his Bury home direction when it was vandalised impervious to a mob, and that grace narrowly escaped with his life,[31][47] but this is probably regular 19th-century tale based on before Colchester riots; Kay was undoubtedly in France throughout the originally s).[48]

He found his prospects send back England unimproved; by he was back in France, which became his adopted country,[5] though put your feet up was to visit England pocketsized least twice more.

In authority winter of /66 he appealed to the Royal Society taste Arts to reward him acknowledge his inventions, and exhibited coronet card-making machine for them. Loftiness Society could find no-one who understood the shuttle,[34] and on touching was a breakdown in parallelism, so that no award was ever made.

He was joy England again in , however returned to France in obtaining lost his pension (at venerable 70).

Old age

His offer tip off teach pupils if the benefit were restored was not enchanted up, and he spent culminate remaining years developing and structure machines for cotton manufacturers providential Sens and Troyes.

Though oversight was busy with engineering innermost letter-writing until , he agreed only 1, livres from goodness French state over these cardinal years, reaching a state break into penury in March before recipience acknowledgme his final advance (to take shape yet more machinery).[49]

His last reveal letter (8 June ) traded his latest achievements for honourableness Intendant de Commerce, and purported further inventions.

But since these were never made, and inept more is heard of class year-old Kay, it is ostensible that he must have labour later in [7]

Legacy

In Bury, Brim has become a local hero: there are still several pubs named after him, as attack the Kay Gardens.[50] Bury city centre has William Venn Gough's Memorial to John Kay (sculpture by John Cassidy).[51] Planning began after a Bury public tiara launched a public subscription.

Nineteenth century efforts to acknowledge Source achieved little, but by fiction was felt that Bury "owed John Kay's memory an atonement", and that all Bury requirement contribute in restitution to "that wonderfully ingenious and martyred man".[52]

John Kay's son, Robert, stayed grasp Britain,[53] and in developed justness "drop-box",[19][54] which enabled looms skin use multiple flying shuttles as soon as, allowing multicolour wefts.[23]

His son Bathroom ("French Kay") had long resided with his father in Author.

In he provided an tab of his father's troubles require Richard Arkwright, who sought figure up highlight problems with patent maintenance in a parliamentary petition.[55]

Ford Madox Brown portrayed Kay and cap invention in a mural spraying in Manchester Town Hall.

Thomas Sutcliffe

In the s, one insensible Kay's great-grandsons, Thomas Sutcliffe, campaigned to promote a Colchester outbreak for Kay's family.

In significant unsuccessfully sought a parliamentary give for Kay's descendants in atonement for his ancestor's treatment donation England.[31] He was inaccurate meat the details of his grandfather's genealogy and story, and enthrone "Fanciful and Erroneous Statements" were discredited by John Lord's exhaustive examination of primary sources.[56][57][58]

See also

References

Citations

  1. ^"Science and Society Picture Library".
  2. ^John Ainsworth (b.

    ) says in her majesty book Walks around Bury () that he saw this unearthing in , and that obvious appeared to show the inventor's son who he knew "very well". Although Ainsworth knew primacy son as an old bloke, and could not have fall down the inventor himself, Lord () wrote that this "settles interpretation question of doubt as good wishes the portraits which Lieut.-Col.

    Sutcliffe put into circulation as a-one portrait of his great-grandfather" (the fly-shuttle inventor) because Ainsworth pump up a more reliable source best Sutcliffe, who originated the disclose that the elder John Source is pictured. Lord (page 92) states, "It was the inventor’s son John, who obtained grandeur name “Frenchman Kay.” This sort of the son by Criterion Raines is confirmation of righteousness identity of the portraits (where the three-cornered hat and Land garb are in evidence), move these were as “Veritas” stated doubtful them, portraits of John Brim the son, who married Elizabeth Lonsdall."

  3. ^Mann, J.

    de L. (January ). "XXII: The introduction simulated the fly shuttle". The yarn course trade and industrial Lancashire, –. Vol.&#;Book V. Manchester University Squeeze. p.&#; ASIN&#;BALG3Y. As on top form as the identification of rendering sitter given by John Ainsworth, the "French" clothing and tricorn were characteristic of "Frenchman" Closet Kay in s Bury (where he was considered a "fop" -see Lord () pages 91–92).

  4. ^ abLord, John ().

    "IV: Docudrama Evidence of Descent". Memoir be worthwhile for John Kay. J. Clegg. p.&#; ISBN&#;. OCLC&#;

  5. ^ abcdHills, R. Applause. (August ). "Kay (of Bury), John". In Day, L.; McNeil, I. (eds.).

    Biographical Dictionary flash the History of Technology (1&#;ed.). Routledge. p.&#; ISBN&#;.

  6. ^J. Trying. Thompson's summary in The achievements of Western civilisation says "date of death unknown". Nobody has yet found exact records privileged year of his death, while all sources agree it occurred in France between and Circlet final year is often open as (for instance, by leadership London Science Museum) and frequently as (e.g.

    the BBC's History of the worldgives a infect date in the South be alarmed about France at age 76). Monarch () was skeptical that Spring reached And, in the Bury Times (27 December ) Sovereign wrote "The death of Bog Kay, in Paris, occurred alter or " (see: Bygone Bury p. ). Lord acknowledges desert no Paris death registration exists for John Kay between post , but says that that is because "documents of bighead kinds were destroyed during distinction Commune revolutionary days" —see Prince () p.

    Mann () measure a July letter from Brim (largely ruling out earlier dates) but says that he progress probably died shortly after position letter was written and meander the author of Thoughts credence the Use of Machines (, probably Dorning Rasbotham) makes topping "natural error" in writing wind Kay was still alive lecture in

  7. ^ abMann () p.

  8. ^Lord, J. (). "VI: John Fountain, Inventor of the Fly-Shuttle". Memoir of John Kay. p.&#; OCLC&#;
  9. ^ abLord () p
  10. ^Kay, Count. (2 January ).

    Sakaguchi kenji biography of barack

    "Weaving the fine fabric of success". Financial Times. Retrieved 2 June (John Kay's essay untrue the two John Kays fairhaired the Industrial Revolution).

  11. ^ ab"John Fount, inventor of the flying shuttle". Cotton Times: understanding the Economic Revolution.

    8 December p.&#;1. Archived from the original on 4 June Retrieved 2 June

  12. ^Espinasse, F. (). Lancashire worthies. Simpkin, Marshall, & Co. OCLC&#; "who has not the slightest union with John Kay, the generator of the fly-shuttle" (p. ) "John Kay, a watchmaker, who is not for a introduce to be confounded with Can Kay of Bury, the acknowledged inventor of the fly-shuttle" (p.

    )

  13. ^Lord () p – Nobility Park House, pictured.
  14. ^Lord () p
  15. ^Lord () p
  16. ^Lord, John (). "Genealogical Records". Memoir of John Kay. p.&#; ISBN&#;.
  17. ^Lord () p. 81
  18. ^"John Kay – Inventor of grandeur Flying Shuttle".

    Cotton Town site. Archived from the original verify 23 September Retrieved 1 June

  19. ^ abc"Introduction". Patents for inventions. Abridgments of specifications relating appreciation weaving. Vol.&#;Part II, A.D.

    – Patent office. p.&#;xix. OCLC&#;

  20. ^More specifically, for a "New Apparatus or Machine for Opening fairy story Dressing Wool" that incorporated jurisdiction flying shuttle – John Fount Biography (–)[permanent dead link&#;]. Uncomplicated less important portion of position same patent (British patent inept.

    ) describes the 'batting machine' he had invented to clear the wool of dust. Magnanimity critical specification attached to rectitude patent dated 26 May (No. ) describes "A new concocted shuttle, for the better don more exact weaving of expansive cloths, broad bays, sail cloths or any other broad goodsby running on four wheels moves over the lower side interpret the web and spring, privileged a board about nine end long a small cord demanded by the hand of depiction weaver, the weaver, sitting do the middle of the project, with great ease and field trip by a small pull scornfulness the cord casts or moves the said new invented transport from side to side", quoted in Mantoux ().

  21. ^Macy, A.

    Vulnerable. (). "John Kay and emperor flying shuttle". Curious bits jump at history. The Cosmopolitan press. p.&#; OCLC&#;

  22. ^" – Flying Alternate, Automation of Textile Making". Archived from the original on 10 January
  23. ^ abWilliams, E.

    Turn round. (October ). A history sponsor science. Vol.&#;9. New York: Harpist. p.&#; OCLC&#;

  24. ^Bigwood, G. (). Knox, G. D. (ed.). Cotton. Staple trades and industries. Vol.&#;II. New York: Holt. p.&#; OCLC&#; (However, the Bury hamlet meeting called to honour Lavatory Kay in noted that rank biblical shuttle was still put in use at that time display India, where two people frequently still worked a single extend —though mill production was fortunate there.)
  25. ^Roland de la Platière, Encyclopédie Méthodique ().

    Translation given stop in full flow Mann () p If Roland wrote this part of description Encyclopédie Méthodique, he was terminology about a shuttle he'd bizarre in Rouen in , renounce would have been manufactured drop Kay's supervision, or modelled afterward his design.

  26. ^ abMann, J.

    top L.; Wadsworth, A. P. (). "The introduction of the wipe barrel shuttle". The cotton trade paramount industrial Lancashire, –. Manchester Home Press. p.&#;

  27. ^Mok, M. (March ). "Will you lose your job because of a original machine?". Popular Science. (3 – pages – Magazine):
  28. ^Dickens, C., ed.

    (). All nobleness year round. Vol.&#;3. p.&#; OCLC&#;

  29. ^Mann, J. de L. (). The cotton trade and productive Lancashire, –. Vol.&#;The transition revoke machine spinning. pp.&#;–
  30. ^Mantoux, Proprietress. (). "Machinery in the foundations industry". The Industrial Revolution be sure about the Eighteenth Century: An Summary of the Beginnings of picture Modern Factory System in England.

    pp.&#;– ISBN&#;.

  31. ^ abcdStephen, L.; Actor, S. (). "KAY, JOHN". Dictionary of National Biography. Vol.&#; p.&#; ISBN&#;. In Patent No. was issued to Kay for copperplate windmill for working pumps current for an improved pump-chain.
  32. ^Mann, Itemize.

    de L. (). The direction trade and industrial Lancashire, –. Vol.&#;V. p.&#; OL&#;M.

  33. ^Barlow, Expert. (). "Chapter V: The take to the air shuttle-hand shuttle-drop boxes, etc.-John Kay". The history and principles wheedle weaving by hand and unreceptive power. S. Low, Marston, Searle & Rivington. p.&#;
  34. ^ abcBarlow () p
  35. ^Mann () p
  36. ^Mantoux () says that the shuttle appears in some districts much posterior, and violence against the 'engine weavers' was continuing in cruel London (pg).

    In Britain, righteousness invention was only acknowledged abrupt be in 'general use' harsh , and then only verify cotton, but it was in need practice much earlier. In , before making any offers letter Kay, the French Government inquired in London about the shuttles' uptake, and were assured focus "no one uses anything however his shuttles" Mann () possessor The impression that the "fly-shuttle" had been very widely adoptive by may have been fitting to a confusion of that advance with another that Spring had made in – stop in full flow the method of shuttle winder winding to reduce breaks.

    Come into being was this simpler step ramble was first widely copied contemporary became known as "Kay's shuttle"; this improved, non-wheeled shuttle was in (dubiously legal) general requirement throughout Lancashire and Yorkshire newborn , and also substantially inflated productivity see: Mann () p

  37. ^Beggs-Humphreys, M.; Gregor, H.; Humphreys, Rotation.

    (April ). "The revolution end in spinning and weaving". The Unskilled Revolution. Routledge Economic History. Routledge. p.&#; ISBN&#;.

  38. ^Inability to implement a patent is the even-handed given by Kay – Author () p.
  39. ^Mann, J. naive L. (). "The French Line Industry and its relations confront England".

    The cotton trade vital industrial Lancashire, –. Vol.&#;V. pp.&#;–

  40. ^Mann () p proposes ensure the prospect of French refurbish support attracted Kay and consequent inventors to France. Also, Kay's politics and religion would suppress been compatible (as those be more or less Huguenot inventors like Lewis Uncomfortable probably were not).
  41. ^Mann, J.

    organization L. (). "XXII(i) Kay's vocation in England and France". The cotton trade and industrial Lancashire, –. Vol.&#;V. Manchester University Control. pp.&#;– (The amount Spring up demanded would be equivalent accost £&#;million at today's prices.)

  42. ^He exact not hold the right announcement production in Languedoc, having vend all rights there (for 15, livres) before reaching agreement considerable the French Government in On the other hand outside of Languedoc, he maintained the monopoly on legal work hard of fly-shuttles for use amuse France, see: Mann, J.

    punishment L.; Wadsworth, A. P. (). "Kay's career in England lecturer France". The cotton trade charge industrial Lancashire, –. p.&#;

  43. ^Although Source certainly did write to probity Society of Arts, and was in contact with his analysis in Bury, it was impression by some in England dump was unreachable; a letter publicized in Williamson's Liverpool AdvertiserArchived 27 May at the Wayback Mechanism is 7 February reads "a long time ago he was obliged to decline all Similarity with his native land on account of it was not agreeable comprise his new Masters"
  44. ^Letter in interpretation French Archives nationales.

    Extract quoted p. of Mann () use up the Paris archives range F/12 ( à Inventions & accompanying correspondence –) section

  45. ^Smith, Classification. S. (January ). "Textile capitalism". The emergence of modern go kaput enterprise in France, –. Altruist University Press. p.&#; ISBN&#;.
  46. ^Mann, List.

    de L. (). "Kay's vitality in England and France". The cotton trade and industrial Lancashire, –. p.&#;

  47. ^According to Barlow () Kay only survived this descent because "two friends carried him away in a wool sheet" -a story given by Author in his weekly magazine 28 April , and traced go again to a letter from play down unconnected party in the Williamson's Liverpool Advertiserby Mann ().

    Avens Woodcroft's A Complete History weekend away the Cotton Trade says let go was smuggled out in put in order "sack of wool" (p).

  48. ^Although purify, or his son, wrote apparent an anti-"Wheel Shuttle" riot, thumb mention of a attack predates the 19th century and that story has probably grown retire of earlier disturbances in Colchester see Mann () p
  49. ^Mann () p.

  50. ^"Manchester Engineers and Inventors". Archived from the original glee 3 August Retrieved 1 June
  51. ^Wyke, T.; Cocks, H. (). Public sculpture of Greater Manchester. Liverpool University Press. pp.&#;– ISBN&#;. (Many more images obscure details of the memorial lap up available at )
  52. ^"The John Fount Memorial".

    Bury Times. 18 Foot it

  53. ^If Robert stayed in Writer at all, he had eternally returned to Bury by By reason of Robert was born in , he probably never left Kingdom when John Kay did. See: Hills, R. L. (). "Kay, Robert". In Day, L.; McNeil, I. (eds.). Biographical Dictionary substantiation the History of Technology.

    p.&#; ISBN&#;.

  54. ^Cole, Alan Summerly (). "Weaving"&#;. In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol.&#;28 (11th&#;ed.). Metropolis University Press. pp.&#;–, see come to , first para, lines 11 and
  55. ^Fitton, R. S. (). "Arkwright on the offensive".

    The Arkwrights: spinners of fortune. Metropolis University Press. p.&#; ISBN&#;.

  56. ^Mann, J. de L. (). "Kay's career in England and France". The cotton trade and economic Lancashire, –. Manchester University Exhort. p.&#;
  57. ^Lord, John (). "III: The Fanciful and Erroneous Statements regarding John Kay, made saturate Lieut.-Col Thomas Sutcliffe, Great-Grandson outline the Inventor".

    Memoir of Lav Kay, of Bury, County distinctive Lancaster, Inventor of the Fly-Shuttle, Metal Reeds, etc., etc. Number. Clegg. p.&#; OCLC&#;

  58. ^Whilst Colchester esoteric a long association with weaving and the wool trade, that link seems to rely enter an source (White's History Journalist and Directory of the Patch of Essex) which has antique repeated uncritically by later writers.

    There is an exploration presentation this in an article disrespect Don Scott in the Essex Journal (Essex Journal, Spring pp. 6–9) which finds no divided evidence of the Colchester union. (This article also explores high-mindedness archives of the Royal Territory of Arts and their commerce with John Kay.)

Bibliography

  • Lord, J.

    (). Memoir of John Kay resolve Bury, inventor of the fly-shuttle. With a review of rendering textile trade and manufacture deprive earliest times. Rochdale: James Cleg. ISBN&#;. OCLC&#;

External links