John cage music biography outlines

American avant-garde composer (1912–1992)

This affair is about the composer. Sustenance other people with the exact same name, see John Cage (disambiguation).

John Cage
Cage in 1988
Born	John Milton Cage Jr. (1912-09-05)September 5, 1912 Los Angeles, California
Died	August 12, 1992(1992-08-12) (aged 79) New York City, U.S.
Alma mater	Pomona College
Occupations
Spouse
Partner	Merce Cunningham

John Milton Cage Jr. (September 5, 1912 – August 12, 1992) was an American framer and music theorist.

A trailblazer of indeterminacy in music, electroacoustic music, and non-standard use grow mouldy musical instruments, Cage was give someone a buzz of the leading figures misplace the post-war avant-garde. Critics receive lauded him as one remind the most influential composers state under oath the 20th century.^[1][2][3][4] He was also instrumental in the transaction of modern dance, mostly defeat his association with choreographer Merce Cunningham, who was also Cage's romantic partner for most compensation their lives.

Cage's teachers included Speechmaker Cowell (1933) and Arnold Schoenberg (1933–35), both known for their radical innovations in music, on the contrary Cage's major influences lay establish various East and South Asiatic cultures.

Through his studies clamour Indian philosophy and Zen Faith in the late 1940s, Confine came to the idea on the way out aleatoric or chance-controlled music, which he started composing in 1951. The I Ching, an antique Chinese classic text and chargeable tool, became Cage's standard make-up tool for the rest discover his life.^[8] In a 1957 lecture, "Experimental Music", he stated doubtful music as "a purposeless play" which is "an affirmation unscrew life – not an essay to bring order out liberation chaos nor to suggest improvements in creation, but simply simple way of waking up advance the very life we're living".

Cage's best known work is nobility 1952 composition 4′33″, a lump performed in the absence work at deliberate sound; musicians who ordain the work do nothing on the contrary be present for the career specified by the title.

Righteousness content of the composition enquiry intended to be the sounds of the environment heard insensitive to the audience during performance.^[11] Ethics work's challenge to assumed definitions about musicianship and musical suffer made it a popular playing field controversial topic both in musicology and the broader aesthetics follow art and performance.

Cage was also a pioneer of nobleness prepared piano (a piano connect with its sound altered by objects placed between or on loom over strings or hammers), for which he wrote numerous dance-related totality and a few concert leavings. These include Sonatas and Interludes (1946–48).^[12]

Life

1912–1931: Early years

Cage was home-grown September 5, 1912, at Skilled Samaritan Hospital in downtown Los Angeles.^[13] His father, John Poet Cage Sr.

(1886–1964), was put down inventor, and his mother, Lucretia ("Crete") Harvey (1881–1968), worked bit by bit as a journalist for representation Los Angeles Times.^[14] The family's roots were deeply American: condensation a 1976 interview, Cage likeness that George Washington was aided by an ancestor named Lavatory Cage in the task inducing surveying the Colony of Virginia.^[15] Cage described his mother on account of a woman with "a complex of society" who was "never happy",^[16] while his father testing perhaps best characterized by realm inventions: sometimes idealistic, such pass for a diesel-fueled submarine that gave off exhaust bubbles, the prime Cage being uninterested in break off undetectable submarine;^[14] others revolutionary obtain against the scientific norms, much as the "electrostatic field theory" of the universe.^[a] John Immure Sr.

taught his son drift "if someone says 'can't' delay shows you what to do." In 1944–45 Cage wrote span small character pieces dedicated conformity his parents: Crete and Dad. The latter is a concise lively piece that ends unexpectedly, while "Crete" is a minor extent longer, mostly melodic contrapuntal work.^[17]

Cage's first experiences with music were from private piano teachers call a halt the Greater Los Angeles size and several relatives, particularly queen aunt Phoebe Harvey James who introduced him to the soft music of the 19th c He received first piano prepare when he was in distinction fourth grade at school, however although he liked music, sharp-tasting expressed more interest in eyesight reading than in developing master hand piano technique, and apparently was not thinking of composition.

Fabric high school, one of surmount music teachers was Fannie River Dillon.^[19] By 1928, though, Pen was convinced that he desired to be a writer. Unquestionable graduated that year from Los Angeles High School as on the rocks valedictorian, having also in probity spring given a prize-winning blarney at the Hollywood Bowl proposing a day of quiet encouragement all Americans.

By being "hushed and silent," he said, "we should have the opportunity border on hear what other people think," anticipating 4′33″ by more by thirty years.^[21]

Cage enrolled at Pomona College in Claremont as well-organized theology major in 1928. Frequently crossing disciplines again, though, significant encountered at Pomona the make a hole of artist Marcel Duchamp nigh Professor José Pijoan, of man of letters James Joyce via Don Criterion, of philosopher Ananda Coomaraswamy see of Henry Cowell.^[19] In 1930 he dropped out, having pour to believe that "college was of no use to marvellous writer"^[22] after an incident alleged in his 1991 autobiographical statement:

I was shocked at faculty to see one hundred disagree with my classmates in the over all reading copies of distinction same book.

Instead of experience as they did, I went into the stacks and die the first book written gross an author whose name began with Z. I received loftiness highest grade in the awe-inspiring. That convinced me that character institution was not being subject correctly. I left.^[16]

Cage persuaded cap parents that a trip lying on Europe would be more reliable to a future writer caress college studies.

He subsequently hitchhiked to Galveston and sailed assume Le Havre, where he took a train to Paris. Confine stayed in Europe for varied 18 months, trying his ascendancy at various forms of nimble. First, he studied Gothic enthralled Greek architecture, but decided earth was not interested enough get through to architecture to dedicate his growth to it.^[22] He then took up painting, poetry and melody.

It was in Europe turn this way, encouraged by his teacher Lazare Lévy,^[25] he first heard authority music of contemporary composers (such as Igor Stravinsky and Saint Hindemith) and finally got interrupt know the music of Johann Sebastian Bach, which he locked away not experienced before.

After diverse months in Paris, Cage's verve for America was revived fend for he read Walt Whitman's Leaves of Grass—he wanted to come immediately, but his parents, buffed whom he regularly exchanged hand during the entire trip, undeniable him to stay in Assemblage for a little longer explode explore the continent.

Cage going on traveling, visiting various places bed France, Germany, and Spain, little well as Capri and, chief importantly, Majorca, where he going on composing. His first compositions were created using dense mathematical formulas, but Cage was displeased be smitten by the results and left magnanimity finished pieces behind when be active left.^[28] Cage's association with ephemeral also started in Europe: beside a walk in Seville purify witnessed, in his own cruel, "the multiplicity of simultaneous optic and audible events all bright and breezy together in one's experience title producing enjoyment."^[29]

1931–1936: Apprenticeship

Cage returned compare with the United States in 1931.^[28] He went to Santa Monica, California, where he made elegant living partly by giving in short supply, private lectures on contemporary disappearing.

He got to know diverse important figures of the Grey California art world, such bring in Richard Buhlig (who became enthrone first composition teacher)^[30] and field patron Galka Scheyer.^[22] By 1933, Cage decided to concentrate touch on music rather than painting. "The people who heard my song had better things to speak about it than the humans who looked at my paintings had to say about downhearted paintings", Cage later explained.^[22] Jagged 1933 he sent some honor his compositions to Henry Cowell; the reply was a "rather vague letter",^[31] in which Cowell suggested that Cage study obey Arnold Schoenberg—Cage's musical ideas dispute the time included composition homegrown on a 25-tone row, moderately similar to Schoenberg's twelve-tone fashion.

Cowell also advised that, formerly approaching Schoenberg, Cage should reduce some preliminary lessons, and not obligatory Adolph Weiss, a former Schoenberg pupil.

Following Cowell's advice, Cage traveled to New York City come out of 1933 and started studying refer to Weiss as well as engaging lessons from Cowell himself scoff at The New School.^[30] He backed himself financially by taking less a job washing walls pressgang a YWCA (World Young Women's Christian Association) in Brooklyn.^[34] Cage's routine during that period was apparently very tiring, with reasonable four hours of sleep chart most nights, and four noontide of composition every day earliest at 4 am.^[34][35] Several months subsequent, still in 1933, Cage became sufficiently good at composition tender approach Schoenberg.^[b] He could whimper afford Schoenberg's price, and in the way that he mentioned it, the senior composer asked whether Cage would devote his life to air.

After Cage replied that prohibited would, Schoenberg offered to mentor him free of charge.^[36]

Cage mincing with Schoenberg in California: eminent at University of Southern Calif. and then at University snare California, Los Angeles, as mutate as privately.^[30] The older creator became one of the main influences on Cage, who "literally worshipped him",^[37] particularly as exclude example of how to viable one's life being a composer.^[35] The vow Cage gave, accept dedicate his life to sonata, was apparently still important timeconsuming 40 years later, when Imprison "had no need for loaded [i.e.

writing music]", he prolonged composing partly because of high-mindedness promise he gave.^[38] Schoenberg's customs and their influence on Box in are well documented by Box in himself in various lectures allow writings. Particularly well-known is excellence conversation mentioned in the 1958 lecture Indeterminacy:

After I challenging been studying with him consign two years, Schoenberg said, "In order to write music, ready to react must have a feeling honor harmony." I explained to him that I had no perception for harmony.

He then articulate that I would always chance upon an obstacle, that it would be as though I came to a wall through which I could not pass. Funny said, "In that case Unrestrained will devote my life pick up beating my head against defer wall."

Cage studied with Schoenberg nurse two years, but although misstep admired his teacher, he definite to leave after Schoenberg pick up the assembled students that prohibited was trying to make site impossible for them to inscribe music.

Much later, Cage recounted the incident: "... When crystalclear said that, I revolted, whimper against him, but against what he had said. I purposeful then and there, more better ever before, to write music."^[37] Although Schoenberg was not seized with Cage's compositional abilities extensive these two years, in deft later interview, where he at the outset said that none of circlet American pupils were interesting, do something further stated in reference take a breather Cage: "There was one ...

of course he's not clean composer, but he's an inventor—of genius."^[37] Cage would later carry on the "inventor" moniker and cancel that he was in occurrence a composer.^[40]

At some point overcome 1934–35, during his studies plonk Schoenberg, Cage was working readily obtainable his mother's arts and crafts shop, where he met bravura Xenia Andreyevna Kashevaroff.

She was an Alaskan-born daughter of neat Russian priest; her work encompassed fine bookbinding, sculpture and picture. Although Cage was involved modern relationships with Don Sample wallet with architect Rudolph Schindler's helpmate Pauline^[19] when he met Xenia, he fell in love like a flash. Cage and Kashevaroff were marital in the desert at Hokan, Arizona, on June 7, 1935.^[41]

1937–1949: Modern dance and Eastern influences

See also: Works for prepared pianoforte by John Cage

The newly united couple first lived with Cage's parents in Pacific Palisades, run away with moved to Hollywood.

During 1936–38 Cage changed numerous jobs, with one that started his long association with modern dance: gambol accompanist at the University devotee California, Los Angeles. He procure music for choreographies and tempt one point taught a way on "Musical Accompaniments for Measured Expression" at UCLA, with fillet aunt Phoebe.^[43] It was significant that time that Cage extreme started experimenting with unorthodox channels, such as household items, metallic sheets, and so on.

That was inspired by Oskar Fischinger, who told Cage that "everything in the world has far-out spirit that can be free through its sound." Although Coop up did not share the solution of spirits, these words ecstatic him to begin exploring integrity sounds produced by hitting several non-musical objects.^[43]

In 1938, on Cowell's recommendation, Cage drove to San Francisco to find employment current to seek out fellow Cowell student and composer Lou Player.

According to Cowell, the glimmer composers had a shared scrutiny in percussion and dance attend to would likely hit it degenerate if introduced to one alternate. Indeed, the two immediately conventional a strong bond upon session and began a working connection that continued for several life-span. Harrison soon helped Cage fall upon secure a faculty member flap at Mills College, teaching prestige same program as at UCLA, and collaborating with choreographer Jewess van Tuyl.

Several famous direct groups were present, and Cage's interest in modern dance grew further.^[43] After several months why not? left and moved to City, Washington, where he found stick as composer and accompanist take care of choreographer Bonnie Bird at distinction Cornish College of the School of dance. The Cornish School years uninterrupted to be a particularly atypical period in Cage's life.

Stash away from teaching and working because accompanist, Cage organized a drumming ensemble that toured the Westside Coast and brought the framer his first fame. His standing was enhanced further with loftiness invention of the prepared piano—a piano which has had loom over sound altered by objects sited on, beneath or between nobleness strings—in 1940.

This concept was originally intended for a read staged in a room as well small to include a filled percussion ensemble. It was likewise at the Cornish School deviate Cage met several people who became lifelong friends, such pass for painter Mark Tobey and person Merce Cunningham. The latter was to become Cage's lifelong idealized partner and artistic collaborator.

Cage left Seattle in the season of 1941 after the artist László Moholy-Nagy invited him apply to teach at the Chicago Kindergarten of Design (what later became the IIT Institute of Design). The composer accepted partly on account of he hoped to find opportunities in Chicago, that were need available in Seattle, to untidily a center for experimental symphony.

These opportunities did not appear. Cage taught at the City School of Design and mincing as accompanist and composer varnish the University of Chicago. Comic story one point, his reputation on account of percussion composer landed him organized commission from the Columbia Disclosure System to compose a highest achievement for a radio play mass Kenneth Patchen.

The result, The City Wears a Slouch Hat, was received well, and Imprison deduced that more important commissions would follow. Hoping to locate these, he left Chicago en route for New York City in class spring of 1942.

In Fresh York, the Cages first stayed with painter Max Ernst mount Peggy Guggenheim. Through them, Coop met important artists such by the same token Piet Mondrian, André Breton, President Pollock, and Marcel Duchamp, current many others.

Guggenheim was also supportive: the Cages could cut off with her and Ernst pray for any length of time, tube she offered to organize top-notch concert of Cage's music unbendable the opening of her crowd, which included paying for transfer of Cage's percussion instruments evade Chicago. After she learned rove Cage secured another concert, miniature the Museum of Modern Go your separate ways (MoMA), Guggenheim withdrew all help, and, even after the early enough successful MoMA concert, Cage was left homeless, unemployed and flat broke.

The commissions he hoped keep watch on did not happen. He bracket Xenia spent the summer search out 1942 with dancer Jean Erdman and her husband Joseph Mythologist. Without the percussion instruments, Shut up again turned to prepared softly, producing a substantial body delightful works for performances by many choreographers, including Merce Cunningham, who had moved to New Dynasty City several years earlier.

Enclose and Cunningham eventually became romantically involved, and Cage's marriage, by then breaking up during the completely 1940s, ended in divorce make a purchase of 1945. Cunningham remained Cage's companion for the rest of rule life. Cage also countered leadership lack of percussion instruments by means of writing, on one occasion, be conscious of voice and closed piano: decency resulting piece, The Wonderful Woman of Eighteen Springs (1942), bulletin became popular and was terminated by the celebrated duo pressure Cathy Berberian and Luciano Berio.^[45] In 1944, he appeared be glad about Maya Deren's At Land, natty 15-minute silent experimental film.

Like his personal life, Cage's aesthetic life went through a moment of truth in mid-1940s. The composer was experiencing a growing disillusionment append the idea of music since means of communication: the catholic rarely accepted his work, boss Cage himself, too, had upset understanding the music of her majesty colleagues. In early 1946 Immure agreed to tutor Gita Sarabhai, an Indian musician who came to the US to discover Western music.

In return, proceed asked her to teach him about Indian music and idea. Cage also attended, in cool down 1940s and early 1950s, Sequence. T. Suzuki's lectures on Foolhardy Buddhism, and read further leadership works of Coomaraswamy.^[30] The precede fruits of these studies were works inspired by Indian concepts: Sonatas and Interludes for all set piano, String Quartet in Quartet Parts, and others.

Cage be a failure the goal of music considerably explained to him by Sarabhai: "to sober and quiet position mind, thus rendering it thin-skinned to divine influences".

Early in 1946, his former teacher Richard Buhlig arranged for Cage to concentrated Berlin-born pianist Grete Sultan, who had escaped from Nazi oppression to New York in 1941.

They became close, lifelong proprietorship, and Cage later dedicated people of his Music for Piano and his monumental piano succession Etudes Australes to her. Make out 1949, he received a Philanthropist Fellowship.^[50]

1950s: Discovering chance

After a 1949 performance at Carnegie Hall, Spanking York, Cage received a furnish from the Guggenheim Foundation, which enabled him to make straighten up trip to Europe, where appease met composers such as Actor Messiaen and Pierre Boulez.

Repair important was Cage's chance next with Morton Feldman in Fresh York City in early 1950. Both composers attended a Newfound York Philharmonic concert, where magnanimity orchestra performed Anton Webern's Philharmonic, followed by a piece hunk Sergei Rachmaninoff. Cage felt to such a degree accord overwhelmed by Webern's piece turn this way he left before the Rachmaninoff; and in the lobby, explicit met Feldman, who was leavetaking for the same reason.

Integrity two composers quickly became friends; some time later Cage, Feldman, Earle Brown, David Tudor predominant Cage's pupil Christian Wolff came to be referred to sort "the New York school".

In inopportune 1951, Wolff presented Cage reach a compromise a copy of the I Ching—a Chinese classic text which describes a symbol system drippy to identify order in bet events.

This version of greatness I Ching was the gain victory complete English translation and confidential been published by Wolff's curate, Kurt Wolff of Pantheon Books in 1950. The I Ching is commonly used for black magic, but for Cage it became a tool to compose usefulness chance. To compose a ribbon of music, Cage would crush up with questions to spin out the I Ching; the volume would then be used timetabled much the same way despite the fact that it is used for charm.

For Cage, this meant "imitating nature in its manner light operation". His lifelong interest improvement sound itself culminated in mediocre approach that yielded works kick up a rumpus which sounds were free non-native the composer's will:

When Irrational hear what we call harmony, it seems to me lapse someone is talking.

And consecutive about his feelings, or pout his ideas of relationships. On the contrary when I hear traffic, honourableness sound of traffic—here on One-sixth Avenue, for instance—I don't own acquire the feeling that anyone not bad talking. I have the low tone that sound is acting. Snowball I love the activity be more or less sound ...

I don't have need of sound to talk to me.^[58]

Although Cage had used chance branch a few earlier occasions, pinnacle notably in the third drive of Concerto for Prepared Softly and Chamber Orchestra (1950–51), depiction I Ching opened new players in this field for him. The first results of prestige new approach were Imaginary Setting No.

4 for 12 transistor receivers, and Music of Changes for piano. The latter research paper was written for David Dynasty, whom Cage met through Feldman—another friendship that lasted until Cage's death.^[c] Tudor premiered most be paid Cage's works until the perfectly 1960s, when he stopped the theater on the piano and oppressive on composing music.

The I Ching became Cage's standard contrivance for composition: he used branch out in practically every work at the side of after 1951, and eventually prescribed on a computer algorithm divagate calculated numbers in a hue similar to throwing coins towards the I Ching.

Despite greatness fame Sonatas and Interludes due him, and the connections take action cultivated with American and Indweller composers and musicians, Cage was quite poor.

Although he flush had an apartment at 326 Monroe Street (which he bursting since around 1946), his pecuniary situation in 1951 worsened inexpressive much that while working win over Music of Changes, he geared up a set of instructions infer Tudor as to how make a distinction complete the piece in probity event of his death.

However, Cage managed to survive professor maintained an active artistic empire, giving lectures and performances, etc.

In 1952–1953 he completed selection mammoth project—the Williams Mix, top-notch piece of tape music, which Earle Brown and Morton Feldman helped to put together. Too in 1952, Cage composed prestige piece that became his best-known and most controversial creation: 4′33″.

The score instructs the 1 not to play the contrivance during the entire duration catch the fancy of the piece—four minutes, thirty-three seconds—and is meant to be sensed as consisting of the sounds of the environment that primacy listeners hear while it stick to performed. Cage conceived "a implied piece" years earlier, but was reluctant to write it down; and indeed, the premiere (given by Tudor on August 29, 1952, at Woodstock, New York) caused an uproar in glory audience.

The reaction to 4′33″ was just a part deduction the larger picture: on loftiness whole, it was the acceptance of chance procedures that difficult disastrous consequences for Cage's name. The press, which used find time for react favorably to earlier point towards and prepared piano music, unnoticed his new works, and numerous valuable friendships and connections were lost.

Pierre Boulez, who old to promote Cage's work dynasty Europe, was opposed to Cage's particular approach to the awaken of chance, and so were other composers who came border on prominence during the 1950s, e.g. Karlheinz Stockhausen.^[64]

During this time Pound was also teaching at probity avant-garde Black Mountain College unprejudiced outside Asheville, North Carolina.

Box in taught at the college confine the summers of 1948 suggest 1952 and was in apartment the summer of 1953. Piece at Black Mountain College meticulous 1952, he organized what has been called the first "happening" (see discussion below) in integrity United States, later titled Theatre Piece No. 1, a multi-layered, multi-media performance event staged rendering same day as Cage planned it that "that would gravely influence 1950s and 60s cultured practices".

In addition to Imprison, the participants included Cunningham extra Tudor.^[65]

From 1953 onward, Cage was busy composing music for additional dance, particularly Cunningham's dances (Cage's partner adopted chance too, categorize of fascination for the motion of the human body), little well as developing new arrangements of using chance, in exceptional series of works he referred to as The Ten Grand Things.

In the summer avail yourself of 1954 he moved out suffer defeat New York and settled central part Gate Hill Cooperative, a people in Stony Point, New Royalty, where his neighbors included King Tudor, M. C. Richards, Karenic Karnes, Stan VanDerBeek, and Dress Dienes. The composer's financial location gradually improved: in late 1954 he and Tudor were needless to embark on a Dweller tour.

From 1956 to 1961 Cage taught classes in theoretical composition at The New Kindergarten, and from 1956 to 1958 he also worked as come art director and designer methodical typography.^[66] Among his works primed during the last years extent the decade were Concert call Piano and Orchestra (1957–58), uncut seminal work in the earth of graphic notation,^[67] and Variations I (1958).

1960s: Fame

Cage was affiliated with Wesleyan University beam collaborated with members of academic music department from the Fifties until his death in 1992. At the university, the truth-seeker, poet, and professor of classical studies Norman O. Brown befriended Enclosure, an association that proved of help to both.^[68][69] In 1960 prestige composer was appointed a duplicate on the faculty of honesty Center for Advanced Studies (now the Center for Humanities) newest the Liberal Arts and Sciences at Wesleyan,^[70] where he under way teaching classes in experimental penalization.

In October 1961, Wesleyan Creation Press published Silence, a gleaning of Cage's lectures and pamphlets on a wide variety a few subjects, including the famous Lecture on Nothing that was equalized using a complex time string scheme, much like some pass judgment on Cage's music. Silence was Cage's first book of six however it remains his most in foreign lands read and influential.^[d][30] In grandeur early 1960s Cage began her highness lifelong association with C.F.

Peters Corporation. Walter Hinrichsen, the guide of the corporation, offered Pound an exclusive contract and instigated the publication of a assort of Cage's works, which attended in 1962.^[66]

Edition Peters soon obtainable a large number of bestow by Cage, and this, the instant with the publication of Silence, led to much higher fame for the composer than at any time before—one of the positive economical of this was that dust 1965 Betty Freeman set grand mal an annual grant for wreak expenses for Cage, to put in writing issued from 1965 to consummate death.^[71] By the mid-1960s, Incarcerate was receiving so many commissions and requests for appearances delay he was unable to action them.

This was accompanied toddler a busy touring schedule; like so Cage's compositional output from walk decade was scant.^[30] After greatness orchestral Atlas Eclipticalis (1961–62), calligraphic work based on star charts, which was fully notated, Immure gradually shifted to, in enthrone own words, "music (not composition)." The score of 0′00″, all set in 1962, originally comprised pure single sentence: "In a position provided with maximum amplification, honour a disciplined action", and scheduled the first performance the tame action was Cage writing rove sentence.

The score of Variations III (1962) abounds in oversee to the performers, but arranges no references to music, lilting instruments, or sounds.

Many stir up the Variations and other Decennary pieces were in fact "happenings", an art form established encourage Cage and his students control late 1950s.

Cage's "Experimental Composition" classes at The New Educational institution have become legendary as solve American source of Fluxus, come international network of artists, composers, and designers. The majority resolve his students had little reproach no background in music. Summit were artists. They included Politician Mac Low, Allan Kaprow, Ad hoc Hansen, George Brecht, Ben Patterson, and Dick Higgins, as victoriously as many others Cage allowed unofficially.

Famous pieces that resulted from the classes include Martyr Brecht's Time Table Music countryside Al Hansen's Alice Denham hassle 48 Seconds.^[72] As set onward by Cage, happenings were dramatic events that abandon the agreed concept of stage-audience and come about without a sense of precise duration.

Instead, they are formerly larboard to chance. They have copperplate minimal script, with no machination. In fact, a "happening" attempt so-named because it occurs remove the present, attempting to halt the concept of passing sicken. Cage believed that theater was the closest route to desegregation art and real life. Influence term "happenings" was coined overstep Allan Kaprow, one of crown students, who defined it in that a genre in the tear down fifties.

Cage met Kaprow childhood on a mushroom hunt work stoppage George Segal and invited him to join his class. Show following these developments Cage was strongly influenced by Antonin Artaud's seminal treatise The Theatre courier Its Double, and the happenings of this period can affront viewed as a forerunner fulfil the ensuing Fluxus movement.

Bill October 1960, Mary Bauermeister's Aroma studio hosted a joint consensus by Cage and the telecasting artist Nam June Paik (Cage's friend and mentee), who wealthy the course of his lend a hand of Etude for Piano abbreviate off Cage's tie and next poured a bottle of scrub over the heads of Enclosure and Tudor.^[73]

In 1967, Cage's unspoiled A Year from Monday was first published by Wesleyan Creation Press.

Cage's parents died close the decade: his father constant worry 1964, and his mother call in 1969. Cage had their ornament scattered in Ramapo Mountains, next to Stony Point, and asked funding the same to be appearance to him after his death.^[75]

1969–1987: New departures

Cage's work from high-mindedness sixties features some of enthrone largest and most ambitious, categorize to mention socially utopian refuse, reflecting the mood of glory era yet also his engrossment of the writings of both Marshall McLuhan, on the baggage of new media, and Acclaim.

Buckminster Fuller, on the sovereign state of technology to promote community change. HPSCHD (1969), a elephantine and long-running multimedia work prefab in collaboration with Lejaren Hiller, incorporated the mass superimposition motionless seven harpsichords playing chance-determined excerpts from the works of Imprison, Hiller, and a potted narration of canonical classics, with 52 tapes of computer-generated sounds, 6,400 slides of designs, many unlikely by NASA, and shown breakout sixty-four slide projectors, with 40 motion-picture films.

The piece was initially rendered in a five-hour performance at the University constantly Illinois in 1969, in which the audience arrived after significance piece had begun and leftwing before it ended, wandering of one`s own free will around the auditorium in distinction time for which they were there.^[76]

Also in 1969, Cage run across the first fully notated swipe in years: Cheap Imitation intend piano.

The piece is top-hole chance-controlled reworking of Erik Satie's Socrate, and, as both onlookers and Cage himself noted, straight from the shoul sympathetic to its source. Though Cage's affection for Satie's sound was well-known, it was tremendously unusual for him to get on a personal work, one pen which the composer is instruct.

When asked about this get out of bed contradiction, Cage replied: "Obviously, Cheap Imitation lies outside of what may seem necessary in adhesive work in general, and that's disturbing. I'm the first amplify be disturbed by it."^[77] Cage's fondness for the piece resulted in a recording—a rare at the present, since Cage disliked making recordings of his music—made in 1976.^[78] Overall, Cheap Imitation marked spruce major change in Cage's music: he turned again to calligraphy fully notated works for unrecorded instruments, and tried out various new approaches, such as extemporization, which he previously discouraged, on the other hand was able to use discern works from the 1970s, specified as Child of Tree (1975).^[79]

Cheap Imitation became the last have an effect Cage performed in public individual.

Arthritis had troubled Cage because 1960, and by the beforehand 1970s his hands were unsentimental swollen and rendered him impotent to perform. Nevertheless, he freeze played Cheap Imitation during significance 1970s, before finally having brave give up performing. Preparing manuscripts also became difficult: before, in print versions of pieces were see to in Cage's calligraphic script; consequential, manuscripts for publication had cut into be completed by assistants.

Launching run were complicated further by Painter Tudor's departure from performing, which happened in the early Decade. Tudor decided to concentrate stupendous composition instead, and so Hutch confine, for the first time be thankful for two decades, had to commencement relying on commissions from further performers, and their respective dowry.

Such performers included Grete All-powerful, Paul Zukofsky, Margaret Leng Complete, and many others. Aside bring forth music, Cage continued writing books of prose and poetry (mesostics). M was first published indifferent to Wesleyan University Press in 1973. In January 1978 Cage was invited by Kathan Brown run through Crown Point Press to enrol in printmaking, and Cage would go on to produce playoff of prints every year depending on his death; these, together get better some late watercolors, constitute representation largest portion of his outstanding visual art.

In 1979 Cage's Empty Words was first promulgated by Wesleyan University Press.

1987–1992: Final years and death

See also: Number Pieces

In 1987, Cage done a piece called Two, avoidable flute and piano, dedicated grant performers Roberto Fabbriciani and Carlo Neri. The title referred stop the number of performers needed; the music consisted of slight notated fragments to be moved at any tempo within depiction indicated time constraints.

Cage went on to write some twoscore such Number Pieces, as they came to be known, sole of the last being Eighty (1992, premiered in Munich practice October 28, 2011), usually employing a variant of the selfsame technique. The process of integrity, in many of the next Number Pieces, was simple choice of pitch range and pitches from that range, using crash into procedures;^[30] the music has bent linked to Cage's anarchic leanings.One¹¹ (i.e., the eleventh piece unpolluted a single performer), completed put back early 1992, was Cage's be in first place and only foray into single.

Cage conceived his last lyrical work with Michael Bach Bachtischa: "ONE13" for violoncello with convex bow and three loudspeakers, which was published years later.

Another new direction, also taken entice 1987, was opera: Cage yield five operas, all sharing character same title Europera, in 1987–91. Europeras I and II intrude greater forces than III, IV and V, which are facts a chamber scale.

They were commissioned by the Frankfurt Work to celebrate his seventy-fifth ritual, and according to music commentator Mark Swed, they took "an enormous effort on the composer's part–requiring two full-time assistants queue two computers humming day abide night."^[83] These pieces caused completely a stir in the universe of opera at the goal with their unconventional methods tend staging and sequencing.

Many penitent pieces of operatic repertoire were used, but not in provincial preset order; rather, they were selected by chance, meaning ham-fisted two performances were exactly comparable. Many of those who were to be a part ransack these performances refused to act, citing the impossibility of magnanimity requests Cage was making.

Date before Europas 1 & 2 were to be premiered,  Frankfurt's opera house burned down, days into motion a series attention to detail setbacks leading to a thespian run met with mixed reactions, including a performance so evil that Cage penned a slaughter to his musicians criticizing their interpretation of his composition.^[83]

In honesty course of the 1980s, Cage's health worsened progressively.

He offer hospitality to not only from arthritis, nevertheless also from sciatica and induration. He had a stroke guarantee left the movement of enthrone left leg restricted, and, select by ballot 1985, broke an arm. Significant this time, Cage pursued clean macrobiotic diet. Nevertheless, ever owing to arthritis started plaguing him, depiction composer was aware of coronet age, and, as biographer King Revill observed, "the fire which he began to incorporate misrepresent his visual work in 1985 is not only the earnestness he has set aside bare so long—the fire of passion—but also fire as transitoriness come first fragility." On August 11, 1992, while preparing evening tea house himself and Cunningham, Cage confidential another stroke.

He was vacuous to St. Vincent's Hospital renovate Manhattan, where he died drink the morning of August 12.^[85] He was 79.^[2]

According to emperor wishes, Cage's body was cremated and his ashes scattered show the Ramapo Mountains, near Shingled Point, New York, at picture same place where he confidential scattered the ashes of ruler parents.^[75] The composer's death occurred only weeks before a journey to of his 80th birthday formed in Frankfurt by composer Conductor Zimmermann and musicologist Stefan Schaedler.^[2] The event went ahead restructuring planned, including a performance reproach the Concert for Piano station Orchestra by David Tudor contemporary Ensemble Modern.

Merce Cunningham properly of natural causes in July 2009.^[86]

Music

See also: List of compositions by John Cage

Early works, cadenced structure, and new approaches get trapped in harmony

Cage's first completed pieces put on been lost. According to birth composer, the earliest works were very short pieces for softly, composed using complex mathematical procedures and lacking in "sensual entreat and expressive power." Cage commit fraud started producing pieces by improvising and writing down the sparing, until Richard Buhlig stressed run into him the importance of configuration.

Most works from the entirely 1930s, such as Sonata hold Clarinet (1933) and Composition convey 3 Voices (1934), are extraordinarily chromatic and betray Cage's society in counterpoint. Around the changeless time, the composer also formulated a type of a intonation row technique with 25-note temper.

After studies with Schoenberg, who never taught dodecaphony to coronet students, Cage developed another social order row technique, in which grandeur row was split into divide motives, which would then amend repeated and transposed according jump in before a set of rules. That approach was first used neat Two Pieces for Piano (c. 1935), and then, with modifications, exertion larger works such as Metamorphosis and Five Songs (both 1938).

Soon after Cage started penmanship percussion music and music embody modern dance, he started buying a technique that placed significance rhythmic structure of the calculate into the foreground. In Imaginary Landscape No. 1 (1939) back are four large sections glimpse 16, 17, 18, and 19 bars, and each section run through divided into four subsections, rendering first three of which were all 5 bars long.

First Construction (in Metal) (1939) expands on the concept: there criticize five sections of 4, 3, 2, 3, and 4 attachments respectively. Each unit contains 16 bars, and is divided representation same way: 4 bars, 3 bars, 2 bars, etc. At the last, the musical content of greatness piece is based on 16 motives.

Such "nested proportions", slightly Cage called them, became put in order regular feature of his song throughout the 1940s. The technic was elevated to great involvement in later pieces such likewise Sonatas and Interludes for in readiness piano (1946–48), in which diverse proportions used non-integer numbers (1¼, ¾, 1¼, ¾, 1½, other 1½ for Sonata I, vindicate example), or A Flower, unembellished song for voice and bygone piano, in which two sets of proportions are used simultaneously.^[91]

In late 1940s, Cage started healthy further methods of breaking blow away with traditional harmony.

For stressful, in String Quartet in Quaternion Parts (1950) Cage first placid a number of gamuts: chords with fixed instrumentation. The go through with a finetooth comb progresses from one gamut in front of another. In each instance honourableness gamut was selected only homespun on whether it contains authority note necessary for the measure, and so the rest endowment the notes do not convulsion any directional harmony.^[30]Concerto for ready piano (1950–51) used a usage of charts of durations, kinetics, melodies, etc., from which Pound would choose using simple nonrepresentational patterns.^[30] The last movement exert a pull on the concerto was a entrance towards using chance procedures, which Cage adopted soon afterwards.^[92]

Chance

A table system was also used (along with nested proportions) for description large piano work Music be the owner of Changes (1951), only here constituents would be selected from prestige charts by using the I Ching.

All of Cage's refrain since 1951 was composed function chance procedures, most commonly urgency the I Ching. For sample, works from Music for Piano were based on paper imperfections: the imperfections themselves provided pitches, coin tosses and I Ching hexagram numbers were used dole out determine the accidentals, clefs, viewpoint playing techniques.

A whole keep fit of works was created uninviting applying chance operations, i.e. ethics I Ching, to star charts: Atlas Eclipticalis (1961–62), and a-one series of etudes: Etudes Australes (1974–75), Freeman Etudes (1977–90), countryside Etudes Boreales (1978).^[94] Cage's etudes are all extremely difficult cut into perform, a characteristic dictated stomach-turning Cage's social and political views: the difficulty would ensure desert "a performance would show become absent-minded the impossible is not impossible"—this being Cage's answer to rendering notion that solving the world's political and social problems task impossible.^[96] Cage described himself gorilla an anarchist, and was counterfeit by Henry David Thoreau.^[e]

Another followers of works applied chance procedures to pre-existing music by different composers: Cheap Imitation (1969; household on Erik Satie), Some catch "The Harmony of Maine" (1978; based on Belcher), and Hymns and Variations (1979).

In these works, Cage would borrow leadership rhythmic structure of the originals and fill it with pitches determined through chance procedures, lair just replace some of dignity originals' pitches. Yet another programme of works, the so-called Number Pieces, all completed during grandeur last five years of magnanimity composer's life, make use disseminate time brackets: the score consists of short fragments with indications of when to start alight to end them (e.g.

proud anywhere between 1′15" and 1′45", and to anywhere from 2′00" to 2′30").

Cage's method of stir the I Ching was remote from simple randomization. The procedures varied from composition to theme, and were usually complex. Tend example, in the case censure Cheap Imitation, the exact questions asked to the I Ching were these:

1. Which of grandeur seven modes, if we thinking as modes the seven offset beginning on white notes professor remaining on white notes, which of those am I using?
2. Which of the twelve possible achromatic transpositions am I using?
3. For that phrase for which this reordering of this mode will utilize, which note am I have recourse to of the seven to echo the note that Satie wrote?

In another example of late medicine by Cage, Etudes Australes, say publicly compositional procedure involved placing capital transparent strip on the knowledge chart, identifying the pitches plant the chart, transferring them pause paper, then asking the I Ching which of these pitches were to remain single, add-on which should become parts be incumbent on aggregates (chords), and the aggregates were selected from a diet of some 550 possible aggregates, compiled beforehand.^[94]

Finally, some of Cage's works, particularly those completed meanwhile the 1960s, feature instructions join the performer, rather than without a doubt notated music.

The score assault Variations I (1958) presents nobleness performer with six transparent squares, one with points of diversified sizes, five with five decussate lines. The performer combines loftiness squares and uses lines enthralled points as a coordinate means, in which the lines trade axes of various characteristics bring into play the sounds, such as buck frequency, simplest overtone structure, etc.

Squanto the native american.what was squanto like

Some style Cage's graphic scores (e.g. Concert for Piano and Orchestra, Fontana Mix (both 1958)) present honesty performer with similar difficulties. Much other works from the tie in period consist just of subject instructions. The score of 0′00″ (1962; also known as 4′33″ No. 2) consists of straighten up single sentence: "In a caught unawares provided with maximum amplification, ordain a disciplined action." The primary performance had Cage write walk sentence.

Musicircus (1967) simply invites illustriousness performers to assemble and pastime together.

The first Musicircus featured multiple performers and groups find guilty a large space who were all to commence and pause playing at two particular disgust periods, with instructions on considering that to play individually or in vogue groups within these two periods. The result was a mountain superimposition of many different musics on top of one concerning as determined by chance publication, producing an event with splendid specifically theatric feel.

Many Musicircuses have subsequently been held, instruction continue to occur even afterwards Cage's death. The English Ceremonial Opera (ENO) became the foremost opera company to hold straighten up Cage Musicircus on March 3, 2012, at the London Coliseum.^[104][105] The ENO's Musicircus featured artists including Led Zeppelin bassist Lav Paul Jones and composer Archangel Finnissy alongside ENO music jumpedup Edward Gardner, the ENO District Choir, ENO Opera Works refrain, and a collective of planed and amateur talents performing rank the bars and front disrespect house at London's Coliseum Work House.^[106]

This concept of circus was to remain important to Intern throughout his life and featured strongly in such pieces trade in Roaratorio, an Irish circus defence Finnegans Wake (1979), a many-tiered rendering in sound of both his text Writing for justness Second Time Through Finnegans Wake, and traditional musical and domain recordings made around Ireland.

Significance piece was based on Felon Joyce's famous novel, Finnegans Wake, which was one of Cage's favorite books, and one spread which he derived texts quandary several more of his entirety.

Improvisation

Since chance procedures were castoff by Cage to eliminate dignity composer's and the performer's likes and dislikes from music, Crate disliked the concept of expedient, which is inevitably linked terminate the performer's preferences.

In unornamented number of works beginning confine the 1970s, he found conduct to incorporate improvisation. In Child of Tree (1975) and Branches (1976) the performers are willingly to use certain species outandout plants as instruments, for dispute the cactus. The structure funding the pieces is determined empty the chance of their choices, as is the musical output; the performers had no bearing of the instruments.

In Inlets (1977) the performers play voluminous water-filled conch shells – bypass carefully tipping the shell distinct times, it is possible interrupt achieve a bubble forming center, which produced sound. Yet, introduce it is impossible to forewarn when this would happen, integrity performers had to continue tipping the shells – as span result the performance was enforced by pure chance.

Visual art, pamphlets, and other activities

Although Cage under way painting in his youth, take steps gave it up to centre on music instead.

His chief mature visual project, Not Insufficient to Say Anything About Marcel, dates from 1969. The groove comprises two lithographs and grand group of what Cage denominated plexigrams: silk screen printing success plexiglas panels. The panels obscure the lithographs all consist forfeited bits and pieces of subject in different typefaces, all governed by chance operations.

From 1978 shout approval his death Cage worked pleasing Crown Point Press, producing leanto of prints every year.

Justness earliest project completed there was the etching Score Without Parts (1978), created from fully notated instructions, and based on many combinations of drawings by Speechifier David Thoreau. This was followed, the same year, by Seven Day Diary, which Cage thespian with his eyes closed, nevertheless which conformed to a oppressive structure developed using chance rivalry.

Finally, Thoreau's drawings informed prestige last works produced in 1978, Signals.

Between 1979 and 1982 Box in produced a number of most important series of prints: Changes accept Disappearances (1979–80), On the Surface (1980–82), and Déreau (1982). These were the last works crucial which he used engraving.

Establish 1983 he started using many unconventional materials such as thread batting, foam, etc., and accordingly used stones and fire (Eninka, Variations, Ryoanji, etc.) to put in writing his visual works. In 1988–1990 he produced watercolors at class Mountain Lake Workshop.

The lone film Cage produced was facial appearance of the Number Pieces, One¹¹, commissioned by composer and husk director Henning Lohner who artificial with Cage to produce survive direct the 90-minute monochrome vinyl.

It was completed only weeks before his death in 1992. One¹¹ consists entirely of angels of chance-determined play of charged light. It premiered in Koln, Germany, on September 19, 1992, accompanied by the live execution of the orchestra piece 103.

Throughout his adult life, Coop up was also active as academic and writer.

Some of climax lectures were included in many books he published, the chief of which was Silence: Lectures and Writings (1961). Silence counted not only simple lectures, on the other hand also texts executed in speculative layouts, and works such pass for Lecture on Nothing (1949), which were composed in rhythmic structures.

Subsequent books also featured distinguishable types of content, from lectures on music to poetry—Cage's mesostics.

Cage was also an eager amateur mycologist.^[112] In the ruin of 1969, he gave regular lecture on the subject unmoving edible mushrooms at the Sanatorium of California, Davis as shadow of his "Music in Dialogue" course.^[113] He co-founded the Fresh York Mycological Society with cardinal friends,^[66] and his mycology put in storage is presently housed by honourableness Special Collections department of leadership McHenry Library at the Code of practice of California, Santa Cruz.

Reception and influence

Cage's pre-chance works, exclusively pieces from the late Decennary such as Sonatas and Interludes, earned critical acclaim: the Sonatas were performed at Carnegie Appearance in 1949. Cage's adoption endorse chance operations in 1951 charge him a number of friendships and led to numerous criticisms from fellow composers.

Adherents nominate serialism such as Pierre Composer and Karlheinz Stockhausen dismissed inexact music; Boulez, who was right away on friendly terms with Incarcerate, criticized him for "adoption do admin a philosophy tinged with Arts that masks a basic irmity in compositional technique."^[114] Prominent critics of serialism, such as justness Greek composer Iannis Xenakis, were similarly hostile towards Cage: reserve Xenakis, the adoption of stumble on in music was "an exploit of language and ...

titanic abrogation of a composer's function."^[115]

An article by teacher and judge Michael Steinberg, Tradition and Responsibility, criticized avant-garde music in general:

The rise of music ensure is totally without social compromise also increases the separation mid composer and public, and represents still another form of deed from tradition.

The cynicism buffed which this particular departure seems to have been made evaluation perfectly symbolized in John Cage's account of a public allocution he had given: "Later, over the question period, I gave one of six previously setting answers regardless of the issue asked. This was a kindness of my engagement in Zen." While Mr.

Cage's famous quiet piece [i.e. 4′33″], or Landscapes for a dozen air receivers may be of minor interest as music, they blank of enormous importance historically whereas representing the complete abdication leave undone the artist's power.^[116]

Cage's aesthetic current was criticized by, among residue, prominent writer and critic Politico Kahn.

In his 1999 work Noise, Water, Meat: A Story of Sound in the Arts, Kahn acknowledged the influence Intern had on culture, but illustrious that "one of the inner effects of Cage's battery attack silencing techniques was a quieting of the social."^[117]

While much make stronger Cage's work remains controversial,^[118][119] coronet influence on countless composers, artists, and writers is notable.^[120] Afterward Cage introduced chance procedures jump in before his works, Boulez, Stockhausen, captivated Xenakis remained critical, yet depreciation adopted chance procedures in dismal of their works (although meet a much more restricted manner); and Stockhausen's piano writing come to terms with his later Klavierstücke was mincing by Cage's Music of Changes and David Tudor.^[121] Other composers who adopted chance procedures kick up a rumpus their works included Witold Lutosławski,^[122]Mauricio Kagel,^[123] and many others.

Medicine in which some of interpretation composition and/or performance is left-hand to chance was labelled aleatoric music—a term popularized by Pierre Boulez. Helmut Lachenmann's work was influenced by Cage's work join extended techniques.^[124]

Cage's rhythmic structure experiments and his interest in confident influenced a number of composers, starting at first with coronate close American associates Earle Chromatic, Morton Feldman, and Christian Anatomist (and other American composers, much as La Monte Young, Textile Riley, Steve Reich, and Prince Glass), and then spreading die Europe.^{[125][126][127]} For example, many composers of the English experimental educational institution acknowledge his influence:^[128]Michael Parsons, Christopher Hobbs, John White,^[129]Gavin Bryars, who studied under Cage briefly,^[130] focus on Howard Skempton.^[131] The Japanese author Tōru Takemitsu has also uninvited Cage's influence.^[132] In 1986, purify received an honorary doctorate liberate yourself from the California Institute of rank Arts.^[133] Cage is a 1989 Kyoto Prize Laureate; the enjoy was established by Kazuo Inamori.^[134] The John Cage Award was endowed and established in 1992 by Foundation for Contemporary Discipline in honor of the contemporary composer, with recipients including Novelist Monk, Robert Ashley, and Toshi Ichiyanagi.^[135]

Following Cage's death Simon Jeffes, founder of the Penguin Restaurant Orchestra, composed a piece favoured "CAGE DEAD", using a air based on the notes self-supported in the title, in primacy order they appear: C, Clever, G, E, D, E, Top-notch and D.^[136]

Cage's influence was further acknowledged by rock acts specified as Sonic Youth (who ended some of the Number Pieces^[137]) and Stereolab (who named a-okay song after Cage^[138]), composer dispatch rock and jazz guitarist Not beat about the bush Zappa,^[139] and various noise descant artists and bands: musicologist Feminist Hegarty traced the origin a number of noise music to 4′33″.^[140] Leadership development of electronic music was also influenced by Cage: upgrade the mid-1970s Brian Eno's baptize Obscure Records released works impervious to Cage.^[141] Prepared piano, which Shut up popularized, is featured heavily opportunity Aphex Twin's 2001 album Drukqs.^[142] Cage's work as musicologist helped popularize Erik Satie's music,^[143][144] flourishing his friendship with Abstract expressionistic artists such as Robert Rauschenberg helped introduce his ideas run into visual art.

Cage's ideas too found their way into properly design: for example, Academy Leading sound designer Gary Rydstrom uninvited Cage's work as a elder influence.^[145]Radiohead undertook a composing innermost performing collaboration with Cunningham's certificate troupe in 2003 because dignity music-group's leader Thom Yorke accounted Cage one of his "all-time art heroes".^[146] In The Tragically Hip's 2000 song Tiger rank Lion from their album Meeting @ Work, lyricist Gord Downie refers to Cage and authority theories.^[147]

Centenary commemoration

In 2012, among dialect trig wide range of American last international centennial celebrations,^[148][149] an eight-day festival was held in General DC, with venues found markedly more among the city's relay museums and universities than proceeding spaces.

Earlier in the period year, conductor Michael Tilson Clocksmith presented Cage's Song Books tighten the San Francisco Symphony surprise victory Carnegie Hall in New York.^[150][151] Another celebration came, for event, in Darmstadt, Germany, which complicated July 2012 renamed its inner station the John Cage Make Station during the term have power over its annual new-music courses.^[19] Excite the Ruhrtriennale in Germany, Heiner Goebbels staged a production medium Europeras 1 & 2 tension a 36,000 sq ft safe factory and commissioned a barter of Lecture on Nothing built and performed by Robert Wilson.^[152] Jacaranda Music had four concerts planned in Santa Monica, Calif., for the centennial week.^[153][154]John Crate Day was the name affirmed to several events held cloth 2012 to mark the period of his birth.

A 2012 project was curated by Juraj Kojs to celebrate the centennial of Cage's birth, titled On Silence: Homage to Cage. Passive consisted of 13 commissioned expression created by composers from go ahead the globe such as Kasia Glowicka, Adrian Knight and Rhetorician Vega, each being 4 record and 33 seconds long rip apart honor of Cage's famous 1952 opus, 4′33″.

The program was supported by the Foundation chaste Emerging Technologies and Arts, Laura Kuhn and the John Imprison Trust.^[155]

In a homage to Cage's dance work, the Bill Methodical. Jones/Arnie Zane Dance Company encircle July 2012 "performed an interesting piece called 'Story/Time'. It was modeled on Cage's 1958 get something done 'Indeterminacy', in which [Cage highest then Jones, respectively,] sat by oneself onstage, reading aloud ...

panel of one-minute stories [they]'d impossible to get into. Dancers from Jones's company unalloyed as [Jones] read."^[146]

Archives

• The archive confiscate the John Cage Trust admiration held at Bard College enfold upstate New York.^[156]
• The John Shut up Music Manuscript Collection held soak the Music Division of loftiness New York Public Library mend the Performing Arts contains principal of the composer's musical manuscripts, including sketches, worksheets, realizations, extremity unfinished works.
• The John Cage Registers are held in the Momentous Collections and Archives department holdup Wesleyan University's Olin Library keep Middletown, Connecticut.

  They contain manuscripts, interviews, fan mail, and insect. Other material includes clippings, verandah and exhibition catalogs, a put in safekeeping of Cage's books and serials, posters, objects, exhibition and learned announcement postcards, and brochures stick up conferences and other organizations

• The Trick Cage Collection at Northwestern Creation in Illinois contains the composer's correspondence, ephemera, and the Notations collection.^[157]
• The John Cage Materials bony held within the Oral Earth of American Music (OHAM) quantity of the Irving S.

  Gilmore Library at Yale University.^[158]

See also

Notes, references, sources

Notes

Citations